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EN
The term „exorcism” comes from the Latin exorcismus and from the Greek term, which originally meant „an oath”, but later in a Christian environ­ment has assumed the meaning „to curse” or „to expel the demons/evil spirits”. The practice of exorcism in early Christianity has been influenced by Old Testa­ment, ancient Judaism and especially by the exorcisms done by Jesus Christ and described in the New Testament. In patristic texts of IInd and IIIrd century we find the following elements of an exorcism: prayer in the name of Jesus, recitation of some elements of early Christian Creed, reading of the Gospel and it was done as an order. An exorcism has been accompanied by the imposition of hands, fast and using of the holy cross. An exorcism has been usually performed publicly and was treated as evidence of the truth of the Christian faith. Until the IIIrd century there was no office of exorcist in the ancient Church and the ministry of it was not con­nected at all with the priesthood, but depended on the individual charisma received from God and was confirmed by the effectiveness to realase the possessed people.
EN
The author discusses in this article a problem, important for the practice of pastoral care, of the manifestations of possession. He first cites the symptoms listed in the „Ritual of exorcism”, as well as in the opinions of well-known theologians. The symptoms are then discussed by division into three groups: physical, mental and spiritual. The first includes: unusual strength of a destructive nature, hearing strange voices, visual and auditory hallucinations, somatic disorders, self-injurious behavior, the phenomenon of telekinesis. Psychiatric symptoms include unusual knowledge; non-learned language skills; the symptoms of blockage of the mind, emotions and will; disintegration of the psyche. For the spiritual side we include an aversion to people and holy things, blasphemy, disruption of conscience, despair and suicidal thoughts, and Satan-worship.
EN
In the first part of this article we will focus on how the press reflected a possession case from late 19th century in small Bavarian town Wemding. Wemding case is one of the most famous cases of possession or exorcism in 19th century, as we have found during our research. The main aim of this article is to analyse contemporary articles and show different approaches of press media with diverse origins. In second part we will decribe the role of Wemding case in contemporaty newspapers as a part of Wahrmund Affair from 1908 when professor of canonic law attacked the catholic church. The Wemding case was used by Wahrmund as an evidence of church obscurant position. At the end of the article we will identify the reasons why this case aroused so much attention.
EN
Through the sacrament of Holy Orders, the bishop, priest and deacon receive authority from Christ to proclaim the word of God, to perform the liturgy and to conduct the service of mercy, which includes care for people tormented by the devil. Through their ministry, Christ still cares for his people because they proclaim “a teaching with authority” (Mark 1:27) capable of casting out evil spirits. Bishops and priests celebrate the sacraments limiting the sphere of influence of the kingdom of darkness in the souls of people and perform exorcisms, which liberate man from the power and influence of a demon.
PL
Dzięki sakramentowi święceń biskup, prezbiter i diakon otrzymuje od Chrystusa władzę głoszenia słowa Bożego, sprawowania liturgii i prowadzenia posługi miłosierdzia, do której zalicza się troska o osoby dręczone przez diabła. Dzięki ich posłudze Chrystus nadal troszczy się o swój lud, ponieważ głoszą „naukę z mocą” (Mk 1, 27) zdolną wyrzucać złe duchy, zaś biskupi i prezbiterzy celebrują sakramenty ograniczające strefę wpływów królestwa ciemności w duszach ludzi oraz sprawują egzorcyzmy, czyli wyzwalają człowieka spod władzy i wpływów demona.
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PL
Wobec narastającego zjawiska pentakostalizacji chrześcijaństwa oraz zwiększonego zainteresowania obrzędami egzorcyzmów należy przypominać przepisy prawne dotyczące posługi egzorcysty w Kościele. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę ich usystematyzowania oraz wyznaczenia ogólnych kryteriów zgodnego z prawem sprawowania obrzędu egzorcyzmu. W tym celu szczegółowej analizie zostały poddane następujące dokumenty Kościoła: Kodeks Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r., Rytuał Rzymski De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam, Wskazania Konferencji Episkopatu Polski dla kapłanów pełniących posługę egzorcysty, list Kongregacji Nauki Wiary Inde ab aliquot annis oraz instrukcja Kongregacji Ardens felicitatis.
EN
In regard to a growth of a phenomenon of the pentecostalization of Christian religion and an increase of interest connected with rites of exorcism, it is worth reminding the legal norms concerning a ministry of an exorcist at the Church. Following article constitutes an attempt to systematize those norms as well as to set general criteria according to the power of exercise the rite of exorcism. For this purpose, the following Church documents: the 1983 Code of Canon Law, Roman Ritual De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam, Indications of Polish Bishop’s Conference for priests who fulfill the ministry of exorcist, the Letter of Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Inde ab aliquot annis and the instruction of that Congregation Ardens felicitatis, have been subjected to detailed analysis.
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Konstytucja RP a egzorcyzmy

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PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę uwarunkowań i skutków obrzędu egzorcyzmu z perspektywy prawa konstytucyjnego. Zakres rozważań został ograniczony do egzorcyzmu w Kościele Rzymskokatolickim, ze względu na jego dominację w strukturze wyznaniowej Polski. Egzorcyzm jest niewątpliwie przejawem wolności uzewnętrzniania religii, a jego sprawowanie powinno podlegać ograniczeniom ze względu na konieczność ochrony zdrowia i prawa do humanitarnego traktowania osób egzorcyzmowanych. Uzasadnia to postulat wprowadzenia prawnych ograniczeń o charakterze prewencyjnym (nakaz konsultacji lekarskiej przed przystąpieniem do obrzędu, nakaz badań lekarskich dla egzorcystów) oraz następczym (zakaz sprawowania obrzędu wobec określonej kategorii osób). Natomiast całkowity zakaz egzorcyzmów naruszałby istotę wolności uzewnętrzniania religii oraz nie spełniał wymogów proporcjonalności.
EN
This article examines the determinants and consequences of the rite of exorcism from the constitutional law perspective. The study was limited to exorcism in the Roman Catholic Church due to its dominance in the religious composition of population in Poland. Exorcism is clearly a manifestation of religion, and it is argued that its performance should be subject to constraints justified by the need to protect the health and the right to humane treatment of the exorcised. Therefore, it is necessary to call for the establishment of legal restrictions, both preventive (mandatory medical consultation before performing the rite, mandatory medical examination for exorcists) and ex-post (ban on performing the rite on a given category of people). On the other hand, an absolute ban on exorcisms would violate the essence of the freedom to manifest religion and would not satisfy the requirements of proportionality.
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1986
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vol. 33
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issue 1
117-129
PL
Das Phänomen der Vertreibung böser Geister mit Hilfe von Beschwörungen und Amuletten war schon im alten Ägypten bekannt. Die exorzistischen Beschwörungen beinhalteten gewöhnlich folgende Elemente: Hinwendung zu den Göttern, Erschrecken der Dämonen, richtige Formel und Amulett. In Ägypten wurde eine sehr interessante Beschreibung des Exorzismus auf der Bentresh-Stele gefunden. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich dabei um die schriftliche Fixierung einer viel früher entstandenen und mündlich überlieferten Legende. Die Niederschrift besorgten die Priester des Gottes Chons im 4.-3. Jahrhundert vor Christi Geburt, um der nachlassenden kultischen Terehrung ihrer Gottheit neuen Auftrieb zu geben. Das alte Ägypten ais einer der weiteren Kreise des „Lebensmilieus” des Neuen Testaments liefert dank der Informationen über die antidäminischen Praktiken eine hilfreiche Ferspektive für die richtige Interpretation der neutestamentlichen Schilderungen.
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 2
277-280
EN
Book review: Jiří Dvořáček, The Son of David in Matthew's Gospel in the Light of the Solomon as Exorcist Tradition (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 415; Tübingen: Mohr Siebieck, 2016). Pp. XII + 258. EUR 79.00. ISBN 978-3-16-154095-0.
PL
Book review: Jiří Dvořáček, The Son of David in Matthew's Gospel in the Light of the Solomon as Exorcist Tradition (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 415; Tübingen: Mohr Siebieck, 2016). Pp. XII + 258. EUR 79.00. ISBN 978-3-16-154095-0
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Egzorcyzmy w Nowym Testamencie

63%
EN
The article discusses the topic of exorcism as presented in the New Testament. Exorcisms were a part Jesus’ mission and he had the power over the evil spirits. Our Lord cared for every human being, including those possessed and tormented by the devil. He also taught about the practice of exorcism. Unlike the Old Testament, the revelation in the New Testament reveals much more about Satan, his nature, and his way of working. Jesus finally overcame the malign ghost on the Tree of the Cross. The fight against the demons was taken up by his disciples in accordance with the will of Christ. Since then the practice of exorcism has become a permanent part of the Church ministry and she draws the strength to perform the exorcisms from the faith received from Christ
PL
W artykule podjęto temat egzorcyzmów w Nowym Testamencie. Egzorcyzmy były przedmiotem codziennej posługi Pana Jezusa, który ma władzę nad złymi duchami. Pan Jezus troszczył się o każdego człowieka w tym również o osoby opętane i doświadczane przez złego ducha. Egzorcyzmowanie było też przedmiotem jego nauczania. Objawienie zawarte w Nowym Testamencie w sposób znaczne szerszy przybliża, w odróżnieniu od Starego Testamentu, postać szatana, jego naturę i sposób działania.  Chrystus ostatecznie pokonuje złego ducha na drzewie krzyża. Walkę z demonami podjęli, zgodnie z wolą Chrystusa Jego uczniowie. Odtąd praktyka egzorcyzmów na stałe weszła do posługi Kościoła, który moc do ich sprawowania czerpie w wiary płynącej od Chrystusa.
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Wiara w modlitwie o uwolnienie jest przede wszystkim odpowiedzią na dar wypędzania demonów, podarowany wszystkim wierzącym przez Jezusa Chrystusa przed Jego Wniebowstąpieniem. Teologalny kontekst wiary jest naturalnym środowiskiem dla sprawowania modlitwy o uwolnienie. Owocność posługi uwalniania jest subiektywnym kryterium oceny „jakości wiary” posługujących, jak również, ale w mniejszym stopniu, osoby proszącej o uwolnienie. Brak wiary u osoby zwracającej się z prośbą o modlitwę nie może stanowić podstawy do od-mowy przeprowadzenia tejże i udzielenia pomocy.
EN
The faith in prayer for deliverance is primarily a response to the gift to cast out demons given to all believers by Jesus Christ before His Ascension into heaven. The context of theological faith is natural environment for prayer for deliverance. Fruitfulness of the deliverance ministry is a subjective criterion for determining the „quality of their faith” speakers, as well as, but to a much lesser extent, people would ask for deliverance. The lack of the faith at the asking person cannot be an attitude of the refusal to conduct the prayer and providing assistance.
EN
The life and work of Jesus Christ are salvific and liberating from the power of the evil spirit. From this perspective, the institution of the Eucharist and giving Himself to the faithful as Nourishment are remarkably antidemonic deeds that free from the power of the spirits of darkness and are an indispensable aid for both Christians in the daily spiritual struggle and for the possessed on the path to liberation.Also liturgical feature of the Sacrament contains many references to the glorious victory of Christ over Satan and incessant begging to keep people away from his influence. However, the Eucharist is not a tool for the liberation of the possessed from the power of the demon but constitutes a fundamental element of the process of liberation through exorcism.
PL
Życie i dzieło Jezusa Chrystusa ma charakter zbawczy i wyzwalający z mocy złego ducha. Z tej perspektywy ustanowienie Eucharystii i dawanie się wiernym jako Pokarm to dzieła wybitnie antydemoniczne, które uwalniają spod władzy duchów ciemności i stanowią niezbędną pomoc zarówno dla chrześcijan w codziennej walce duchowej, jak i dla opętanych na drodze do uwolnienia.Również warstwa liturgiczna tego sakramentu zawiera wiele odniesień do chwalebnego zwycięstwa Chrystusa nad Szatanem i nieustanne błaganie o zachowanie ludzi od jego wpływu. Eucharystia nie stanowi jednak narzędzia do wyzwolenia opętanych z mocy demona, lecz jest fundamentalnym elementem procesu wyzwolenia poprzez egzorcyzm.
EN
This article contains thoughts of Sulpicius Severus (ca 360–420) with regard to the influence of evil spirits on man. Based on the knowledge of St. Martin of Tours, who had much to do with demons. Sulpicius presented a number of human cases of demonic possession by an evil spirit. Most cases he described were about man’s release from possession.Sulpicius Severus was demonstrating that when Satan masters a man he takes away his freedom, a fundamental value, which comes from God. In the face of the numerous cases of enslavement of people by Satan, God’s intervention was needed. Sulpicius was convinced that God has equipped some people to be exorcists, with the gift of releasing the possessed from the power of the devil.
EN
The tradition of the hermit orders emerged within the first two hundred years of Christianity, but it was st. Benedict who initiated the idea of the convent life based on the self-sufficiency and common living, improved during the 6th century. St. Benedict referred in a particular way to the words of Christ: „I was a stranger and you invited me in [...], I was sick and you looked after me” (Matthew 25:35–36). By putting the emphasis on warm hospitality for all of the travelers from different states and respect for the ill people, his philosophy shaped few types of monastic gardens. Among the other gardens there were: herbal (medical), kailyard and the orchard/graveyard. The input of the convents in the development of the horticulture is huge if consider the progress and dissemination of plant production, but also land cultivation, its fertilization, restoration and irrigation. The orders were leaders in techniques of management and usage of waters, forests, keeping the vineyards, orchards, and utilitarian and recreational gardens. The widespread of botanical and medical knowledge by collecting, copying and illustrating manuscripts is also owed to the convents. Many abbots had solid knowledge of gardening, but also of medicine according to st. Benedict. In particular, the Benedictines and Cistersians influenced the development of farming and gardening by expanding the boundaries of inhabited areas. A lot of convents were taking care of ill people, giving the beginning of hospital institutions. The monks’ records contain many useful information concerning the botanical knowledge and medical use of plants. This knowledge, however, has no Christian roots as it was transferred to the European grounds along with the inflow of the ancient Latin treaties to the Christian culture. What have left as a legacy of antiquity, and what was an important starting point for further development of the horticulure as a science, are four complete works on agriculture and one encyclopedic work containing botanical books on agriculture, gardening, and materia medica. A significant progress of the horticulture as an applied science have brought the times of Charles The Great, and several prominent brothers. It is worth to mention here the names of: Alcuin – the abbot of st. Martin monastery, the famous Benedict of Aniane – the abbot of Languedoc (considered as the author of the Capitulare de villis plant list), Gozbert of St. Gall, abbot Haito of Reichenau, but also the only women among the above mentioned – Hildegard of Bingen. Through their letters, plans, and even poems (Hortulus – the poem of Walafrid Strabo), it is now known a lot more about medieval monastic gardens, their composition, spatial structure, the species of cultivated plants, and their importance for contemporary people. The useful plants were highly valued at that time, not only as the healthy groceries, but also for their importance for medieval spirituality as the spiritual and symbolic value, sometimes even magical. It was believed that each plant was created with a purpose, having added specific values, to serve man. Many plants intented for human consumption were also considered to be sanative. In particular, it concerned fruits and vegetables considered as higly therapeutic, so they were used in specially composed diets, i.a. in presented in detail in the article diet, based on the so-called theory of liquids. The author of this article, sharing the information about the importance of garden and the developing practical science of horticulture in medieval orders, is trying to give answer, which plants were grown in the medieval monastic gardens, which forms of cultivation and gardening practices were used, and reflects her thoughts on the problem of protecting the legacy of monastic garden art in the contemporary world.
EN
John Paul II in Familiaris consortio p. 17, when speaking about the tasks of the Christian family, indicates the need to reach out to „the beginning" of the creative act of God. Today it appears that what the family needs above all is re-evangelization. This is to be understood as rediscovering God's original plan for marriage and the family and returning „to the beginning" with faith as a way of life. It is about bringing humans to a personal relationship with God Personality. Today the family is affected by many illnesses. So what can be done to „heal" it? What is the cure? Programs alone are insufficient, similarly as mere pastoral and catechetical instruction, which become like building a house without foundations. Today we have the problem of people practicing religion, but in fact being unbelievers. In addition to the methods developed over the centuries, there is an urgent need for the ministry of exorcists, spiritual liberation from slavery, which affects more and more people, and spiritual discernment on a larger scale. Many of the problems are the causes of spiritual diseases. What is needed is information and formation of priests and lay people, raising awareness about current threats and ways of protecting oneself against them.
PL
Jan Paweł II w „Familiaris consortio” w punkcie 17, mówiąc o zadaniach rodziny chrześcijańskiej, wskazuje na konieczność dotarcia do "początku" aktu twórczego Boga. Dziś wydaje się, że tym, czego potrzebuje rodzina jest przede wszystkim nowa ewangelizacja. Należy to rozumieć jak odkrycie pierwotnego planu Boga wobec małżeństwa i rodziny oraz powrotu "do początku" z wiarą , jako własny sposób życia. Chodzi o wprowadzenie ludzi do osobistej osobowej relacji z Bogiem.
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La possessione demoniaca nei santi

45%
EN
Very rare are the saints experiencing possession. Even less often they are documented in writing. Of course, there are testimonies that the Saints were violently attacked by a demon, but very little is said about cases of possession or enslavement. There is extensive documentation of two cases of people proclaimed saints – two Carmelite nuns: Saint. Maria Magdalena de ’Pazzi (1566-1607) and Saint. Maria Baouardy (1846-1878), “Little Arab Woman”. The example of the Saints who were temporarily possessed during their lives creates a rich source of very important and practical information about God’s power and the role of Satan in the economy of human salvation. This information can talk to the theological reflection and to the exorcists themselves, and also – as a consolation – for all who experience similar states. Saints possessed by a demon teach us how and why this happens, as well as testify that above all there is a merciful and powerful God who saves man.
PL
Bardzo rzadkie są przypadki, kiedy święci mają doświadczenie opętania. Jeszcze rzadziej są one pisemnie dokumentowane. Oczywiście istnieją świadectwa o tym, że święci byli gwałtownie atakowani przez demona, ale bardzo niewiele mówi się o przypadkach opętania czy zniewolenia. Istnieje bogata dokumentacja dwóch przypadków osób ogłoszonych świętymi – chodzi o dwie karmelitanki: św. Marię Magdalenę de’ Pazzi (1566-1607) i św. Marię Baouardy (1846-1878), „Małą Arabkę”. Przykład świętych, którzy byli za życia czasowo opętani, tworzy bogate źródło bardzo ważnych i praktycznych informacji na temat mocy Bożej i roli szatana w ekonomii zbawienia człowieka. Informacje te mogą pomóc w refleksji teologicznej oraz samym egzorcystom, a także – jako pocieszenie – dla wszystkich, którzy podobnych stanów doświadczają. Święci, opętani przez demona, uczą nas jak i dlaczego tak się dzieje, jak również świadczą, że ponad wszystkim jest miłosierny i pełen mocy Bóg, który ocala człowieka.
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45%
EN
The existence of Satan, who may even nowadays possess an object, a place or a person with God’s consent, is widely recognised within the Christian Church. Demonic tormenting of a person may manifest itself either by means of an ordinary action (temptation) or an extraordinary action (up to possession). In the presence of so varied, more and more sublime forms of temptation, both the ability to identify the presence of the Evil One in the world and the need not to disregard his power are crucial. The role of exposing the evil spirit and freeing persons dependent, at various levels, on the devil is closely connected to the ministry of priest-exorcists, for whom it is also a form of a social duty. From this perspective the real action of the evil spirit, the seriousness of the personal and social sins and the need for individual and community recognition may be observed more vividly.
Vox Patrum
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2013
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vol. 59
87-111
EN
The article is the attempt to analyze the teaching of early christian apologists about possession and exorcisms in Church. They recognize that possession in the strict sense applies to a human body. By contrast, spiritual enslavement consists in introducing someone into impiety. Evil spirits, after turning away from their Creator, envy people the grace of God and try to take them away from God and to enslave. They claim to be gods and demand sacrifices and a cult. Magic is also the way to enslavement, because the effectiveness of magic is connected with the power of demons. An exorcism is a kind of spiritual fight in which a christian, in the name of Jesus, commands demons and liberates the possessed person. Exorcisms are the manifestation of God’s power, which beats evil spirits and exposes their lies. Although the main reason of the liberation is the power of God’s name, faith and ardent prayer of a possessed person and these who pray for him have also an im­pact on that process. Christians who live in the grace of God are under the care of Christ, so they don’t have to fear demons.
PL
Artykuł porusza problem odpowiedzialności karnej egzorcysty za zachowania związane z reakcją na ujawnienie się podczas egzorcyzmu transu opętania. Egzorcyzm w Kościele katolickim jest formą celebracji liturgicznej i jego praktykowanie podlega prawnej ochronie. Warunkiem legalności przeprowadzenia obrzędu jest dobrowolne w nim uczestnictwo. W sytuacji ataku transu opętania, które jest zaburzeniem istotnie ograniczającym świadomość osoby egzorcyzmowanej, krępowanie ruchów jej ciała i kontynuowanie modlitwy, wbrew zewnętrznym odruchom, nie zawiera cechy działania bezprawnego. Pojawiający się opór, co do dalszego udziału w egzorcyzmie, nie oznacza cofnięcia wcześniej wyrażonej zgody osoby na uczestnictwo w egzorcyzmie. Kontynuowanie egzorcyzmu jest pierwotnie legalne ze względu na brak ataku na dobro prawne (wolność osoby egzorcyzmowanej). Egzorcysta podlega ewentualnej odpowiedzialności karnej nie tylko za nieudzielanie pomocy w sytuacji bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia lub zdrowia osoby egzorcyzmowanej, ale również za ewentualne umyślne bądź nieumyślne narażenie osoby egzorcyzmowanej na niebezpieczeństwo utraty życia lub ciężkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu, spowodowanie tzw. ciężkiego, średniego albo lekkiego uszczerbku na zdrowiu lub nieumyślne spowodowanie śmierci. Należy wziąć pod uwagę reguły obiektywnego przypisania skutku.
EN
The article discusses the issue of criminal liability for acts of the exorcist associated with disorder of possession trance during exorcism. Exorcism in the Catholic Church is a form of liturgical celebration and a subject to legal protection. The condition for the legality of exorcism is voluntary participation. An attack of possession trance is usually the cause of loss or significant limitation of person’s consciousness, so, despite of external impulses of the person’s body, the exorcist’s refusing to stop the prayer is not an unlawful behavior. Exorcist eventually could be responsible for failing to render assistance to a person in a situation threatening an immediate danger of loss of life or serious bodily injury, intentional or unintentional exposure of a person to an immediate danger of loss of life or serious bodily injury, causing heavy, medium or light bodily injury or an impairment to health or manslaughter. The issue shall be assessed in the light of principles of objective assignment of effect.
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