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EN
The article discusses the Polish translations of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s “Nutcracker”. In the first part the origins of the famous story are presented. Then the author presents the problem of “translation series” as a phenomenon revealing translators’ approaches and various interpretations of the same literary work. The two main chapters of the article are devoted to eight different Polish translations of “Nutcracker”. Their detailed analysis leads to an evaluation of translators’ strategies of domestication and exotization and their influence on the Polish language reception. In the last part the author presents her own translation and points out important aspects of the original work treated in her version of “Nutcracker” as translation invariants
PL
The article discusses the Polish translations of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s “Nutcracker”. In the first part the origins of the famous story are presented. Then the author presents the problem of “translation series” as a phenomenon revealing translators’ approaches and various interpretations of the same literary work. The two main chapters of the article are devoted to eight different Polish translations of “Nutcracker”. Their detailed analysis leads to an evaluation of translators’ strategies of domestication and exotization and their influence on the Polish language reception. In the last part the author presents her own translation and points out important aspects of the original work treated in her version of “Nutcracker” as translation invariants.
SK
Termíny naturalizácia, exotizácia, modernizácia, historizácia a kreolizácia použil Anton Popovič v tzv. Holmesovom kríži v sedemdesiatych rokoch 20. storočia. Odvtedy sa bez nich slovenská teória prekladu nezaobišla. Podrobnejšie ich rozpracoval aj J. Vilikovský. Po ekviva‑ lencii a posunoch patria k najfrekventovanejším pojmom teórie a kritiky prekladu u nás. Možno ich využiť aj pri koncipovaní dejín prekladu na Slovensku v 20. storočí ako nosné. Pri striedaní jednotlivých období v preklade u nás vystupuje vždy niektorá z týchto tendencií ako dominantná. Po dominancii naturalizujúcich tendencií v päťdesiatych rokoch, keď dominujú preklady klasiky, sa objavuje prevaha aktualizačných prekladov, uvádzaná Feldekovým manifestačným vystúpením v Mladej tvorbe koncom päťdesiatych rokov, pokračuje v priebehu šesťdesiatych rokov 20. storočia s dominanciou modernej literatúry. Toto striedanie dominantných tendencií nie je mechanické, no uplatňuje sa aj v spätnom pohľade. V období realizmu dominujú naturalizačné tendencie (Kukučín, Hviezdoslav), v období Moderny exotizačné (Roy, Krasko), no už v medzivojnovom období sa exotizácia strieda s naturalizáciou (Jesenský, Jesenská, Rázusová ‑Martáková) a J. Felix tieto preklady vyzdvihuje, aj keď vo vzťahu k archaizácii a modernizácii je za tzv. vivifikáciu, prispôsobenie prekladu dobe, v ktorej preklad vznikol, jej čitateľovi. Popri naturalizujúcich prekladoch nadrealisti v období druhej svetovej vojny a tesne pred ňou uprednostňujú moderni‑ záciu a exotizáciu v preklade a premosťujú tak obdobie naturalizácie v päťdesiatych rokoch do šesťdesiatych rokov, keď sa zbližujú s nastupujúcou generáciou konkretistov. Po roku 1968 zase modernizácia mechanicky neustupuje do úzadia, vrcholné preklady sú stále modernizujúce či aktualizačné. Po roku 1989 nastáva postupne po vlne exotizácie, najmä amerikanizácie (krátko po prevrate) vo vrcholných, najmä básnických, prekladoch k umierňovaniu modernizujúcej a exo‑ tizujúcej metódy, k tomu, čo nazýval Felix vivifikáciou na časovej osi a Popovič kreolizáciou, miešaním kultúr. Hovoríme o umiernenej, či klasicizujúcej prekladateľskej metóde, preklad si plní svoje základné poslanie, približuje sa štýlu prekladaného autora.
EN
After the clear dominance of naturalizing tendencies in the 1950s, when classic translations were preponderant, a predominance of up ‑dated translations appeared. This was introduced by Feldek’s manifestation appearance in Mladá tvorba at the end of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s by the dominance of modern literature. This alternation of dominant tendencies is by no means mechanical, but it is also applicable in hindsight. Whereas in the period of Real‑ ism, naturalization tendencies (Kukučín, Hviezdoslav) seem dominant, the period of Modernism foregrounds those of exotization (Roy, Krasko). However, in the inter ‑war period, exotization took turns with naturalization (Jesenský, Jesenská, Rázusová ‑Martáková). J. Felix praises these translations although with respect to historization and modernization he is in favor of so ‑called ‘vivification’, i.e. adapting translation to the epoch in which it originated, as well as the reader. Furthermore, Surrealists in the period of the Second World War and shortly before it seem to prefer modernization and exotization besides naturalizing translations. Thus, they bridge the period of naturalization from the 1950s to the 1960s when they became closer with the starting generation of Concretists. Again, after 1968 modernization was not pushed to the background mechanically; prime translations are still being modernized or up ‑dated. After 1989, gradually after a wave of exotization, especially Americanization (shortly after the Revolution), attenuation of the modernizing and exoticizing methods in supreme translations, those of poems, in particular, may be observed, in contrast to what was referred to by Felix as vivification on a temporal axis and creolization, i.e. mixing of cultures, by Popovič. This is called an attenuated or classicist translation method; translation fulfils its basic role, it approximates to the style of a translated author and is at his service.
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