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Generał Ichi – egipski podróżnik z epoki budowniczych piramid

100%
Kuraszkiewicz K. O.
Afryka
|
2016
|
issue 43
155-172
EN
Contacts of the pharaonic civilisation with the neighbouring areas were frequent and intense. Much less regular were expeditions to more distant lands, and an important destination of such travels was the land of Punt. The Egyptian expeditions to Punt in the Pyramid Age (Old Kingdom, ca. 2543-2120 BC) are discussed and new evidence from Polish archaeological research in Egypt is presented, concerning a high-ranked official responsible for foreign expeditions. The evidence suggests that a previously unknown expedition to Punt may have been organised during the late Old Kingdom.
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Spowiedź antropologiczna. Z notatek PRL-owskiego etnografa – o niektórych kontekstach badań terenowych w Sudanie

100%
Ząbek M.
Etnografia. Praktyki, Teorie, Doświadczenia
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2021
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issue 7
71-97
EN
This article is based on field notes from the author’s first independent ethnographic research, conducted in 1989–1991 in Sudan. Reflecting on the path that led him to anthropology during the last decade of the Polish People’s Republic, just before the political transformation in Poland, he revisits his first ethnographic experience in the field, during student expeditions to Africa, focusing in particular on his long doctoral fieldwork in Sudan, spanning a year and a half. Examined years later, the text reveals facts, now salient but which then seemed obvious, or, for some reason, were not to be mentioned. The goal is to provide some insights into the history of Polish ethnography during the communist period.
3
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POLAND – ONE OF THE WORLD LEADERS IN THE MOUNTAINEERING AND HIMALAYAN CLIMBING

84%
Legienis H.
Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula
|
2019
|
issue 3(61)
101-115
EN
In the following article, the author will firstly present the definition of himalaism and the area at which it takes place. The second part of the article will take on the subject of the latest achievements of the Polish climbing groups and the individual climbers on the demanding areas of climbing, especially in the Himalayas and the adjacent territories, with the special recognition of winter himalaism. The third part, will focus on the discussion about the ways, in which our achievements can be used in the highest mountains of the world. The special focus will be put on the achievements in winter himalaism and their promotion in our country and abroad. The aim of all types of research is to know a real reality. The three most common and most useful targets are exploration, explanation of the explanation. This test is a thorough analisys of the phenomenon of so-called winter alpinism. The descriptive method was used in the paper in elementary analisys. As a research tool which can generally be any object to explain a given problem to take a specific set of thematic literature from which specific information and research data has been obtained.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono po pierwsze definicję himalaizmu oraz obszar na którym ma on miejsce. Drugą część pracy poświęcono dotychczasowym osiągnięciom polskich grup wspinaczkowych i indywidualnych wspinaczy na trudnych obszarach wspinaczkowych, a w szczególności na terenie Himalajów i Karakorum. Ostatnia, trzecia część pracy poświęcona jest omówieniu sposobu wykorzystania naszych osiągnięć w najwyższych górach świata, a w szczególności osiągnięć w himalaizmie zimowym i ich promocji w kraju i na świecie.
4
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Życie codzienne wojska Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów podczas kampanii moskiewskich w latach 1579 – 1582

51%
Małecki M.
Studia Elbląskie
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2017
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vol. 18
179-205
EN
The article presents the daily life of soldiers during lasting three years war with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. For legal and military matters, during each war campaign, legal acts called military articles were issued. The main military command consisted of crown and Lithuanian hetmans. Each expedition was attended by a large number of army in the range of 40 – 50 thousands soldiers, and their combat value was at a satisfactory level. The morale of the army depended on many factors, among which we can mention: financial issues, weather, road quality, diseases or spiritual matters. High costs of the war resulted that in theneed to finance the expeditions, in addition to tax collection, funds from the loans were also needed. Mercenary soldiers were obtained mainly from German states and Hungary. Duringthe march, the army was divided into two groups in order to, among other things, reduce the problem of food. The main disadvantage of the route of the march was a thick forest, whichhas been deliberately planted on the orders of Ivan IV. Soldiers during all three campaigns were badly provisioned, which was particularly evident during the Pskov campaign.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostało życie codzienne żołnierzy podczas toczącej się przez trzy lata wojny z Wielkim Księstwem Moskiewskim. Dla uregulowania spraw karnych i wojskowych podczas każdej kampanii wojennej wydawano akty prawne nazywane artykułami wojskowymi. Główne dowództwo wojskowe składało się z hetmanów koronnych i litewskich. W każdej wyprawie brała udział duża ilość wojska mieszcząca się w granicach 40–50 tysięcy żołnierzy, a ich wartość bojowa znajdowała się na zadowalającym poziomie. Morale armii zależały od wielu czynników, wśród których możemy wymienić: kwestie finansowe, stan pogody, jakość dróg, choroby czy też sprawy duchowe. Duże koszty wojenne powodowały, że dla sfinansowania wypraw oprócz poboru podatku potrzebne były również środki pochodzące z pożyczek. Żołnierzy zaciężnych pozyskiwano głównie z krajów niemieckich oraz Węgier. Wojsko podczas przemarszu dzielono na dwie grupy, starano się przez to zmniejszyć między innymi problem wyżywienia. Główną niedogodnością na trasie przemarszu był gęsty las, który został celowo zasadzony na rozkaz Iwana IV. Żołnierze podczas wszystkich trzech kampanii byli źle zaprowiantowani co szczególnie uwidoczniło się podczas kampanii Pskowskiej.
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