Work is one of the paradoxes of human life. It is difficult to define its essence, the correct source, tasks, and roles in human life. Therefore, work in the scientific literature is understood ambiguous and multi-dimensional. The un-derstanding of this seems to express a special kind of process – activity, which is the cause of making a state of things – activity and effort to something, or change, or only maintain, produce, or reproduce, or inhibit the natural proc-esses of degradation. Therefore, the different configurations and different as-pects of work are understood subject of many scientific disciplines and types of knowledge. The development of civilization and culture is made possible by the fact that a man gathers goods that satisfy their needs.
Introduction: Study abroad offers many benefits as well as challenges; the biggest challenge is cultural shock. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of cultural orientation and its effects on the stages/phases of Cultural Shock among a widely diverse group of Medical students (Graduating Class of 2011) of Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PUMS). Material and methods: Medical students, who matriculated to PUMS four-year Doctor of Medicine English Program in 2007, were interviewed or were asked to complete a survey, by answering questions such as giving a chronological account of their entire experience during their four years of study in Poznan. These participants represented nationalities and orientations including; Native Americans, Polish-born Americans, Puerto Rican, Iran-born Swedish, Nigerian-American, Ghanaian-born Americans, Taiwanese, Hong Kong-born Canadian, as well as British-born Iraqi. The outcome of the study generally confirmed my hypotheses that; though we were all exposed to the Polish culture at the same time during our four years of studies in Poznan, each individual had a somewhat different view or perceived their experiences differently. These differences were in part due to the diverse orientation and background of each student, prior to matriculation to the Doctor of Medicine program at the PUMS. The study showed that, each student’s perception varied immensely based on their responses to questions posed. Conclusions: This study evidently showed that the various stages/phases of cultural shock were experienced in no specific order, duration or the magnitude of expression. Participants reported different views or perceptions of the same Polish culture. These differences could be attributed to their cultural orientation and/or previous experience, which played a significant role in how, when, or whether or not they even experience any of the different stages/phases of cultural shock.
The essay is concerned with the relation between sociological and literary aspects of autobiographical writing. Personal documents analysis appears as a diverse space where tools taken from literary and sociological theory can coexist and create new, useful categories of interpretation – life of single person and societies. Theories of narrative identities, experience as category of reading, writing and interpreting autobiographies (written by professional and nonprofessional authors), indispensable contexts become more visible thanks to possibilities arised by using mixed socio-literary methods. The most important aim of this text is to show how connections between two humanistic branches emphasize the versatility of autobiographical pact.
The article explores new literary regional traits in autobiographical texts of Jan Szczepański, Józef Pilch and Jan Wantuła. The authors share common social background, all having been raised as Evangelical boys in Śląsk Cieszyński. While none of them has a formal literary background in strict sense, their texts show an interesting dynamics of narrative meanings. The reader is referred to the writers’ homeland, their own values, moral imperatives, and idiosyncratic understanding of Evangelical-pheasant ethos. The essay shows how this ethos is formed in narration to build the context for the interpretation of uneasy past experience.
Virtual worlds represent a powerful media for instruction, offering a wide scope of tools for social interaction and innovation in learning that encourages student participation. Supported by the AVATAR course, teachers were able to productively create teaching and learning environments that support the needs of learners of diverse linguistic, cultural and economic backgrounds, all within a safe virtual environment. This paper outlines the AVATAR course structure, delivery, experiences, and post course reflections on teaching within a 3D virtual world.
This paper attempts to draw attention to the problem of self-competition as a very specific and controversial type of competition and gives a proposal for division between self-competition and internal competition, both of them as special different forms of competition within one individual person.This basis of the problem is inspired by the article On Competing Against Oneself (Howe, 2008) published in Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. Howe is engaged in the motive of competition which is usually called "self competition". She disagrees with Krein (2007) who argues that self-competition cannot be spoken about within adventure therapy because of the absence of competitors and the lack of repeatable measure of performance.As a consequence of this question the contribution is focused on the relation between self-competition and individual challenge on the one hand and the phenomenon of experience on the other hand. The term of "internal competition" is suggested here and the differences between self-competition and internal competition are explained. The mentioned relation is understood as an equivalence which is accompanied by some concrete examples from the area of movement activities.The aim of the essay is to show the complexity of the relationship between experience and competition motives. The other goal is to introduce the term of internal competition, as the phenomenon closely connected with experience. At least in some cases internal competition can be considered as the essential part of experience. While self-competition is very closely connected with the result of the activity and level of the performance, internal competition is far more focused on the process and depth of the experience.
In the teaching of future and present educators, an ability to experiment plays a significant though little appreciated role. Even Immanuel Kant already drew attention to an experimental character of modern education. Contemporary educators, like never before, have to be taught how to educate via experiments. The text consists of three parts. In the first one, the author focuses on a relation between pedagogy and experiments. In the second one, Johann Herbart’s views on practical training of education teachers are reconstructed. Simultaneously, there are some references to his experience from the period he was a director of The Didactic Institute and The Pedagogical Seminary in Königsberg. Finally, in the third part, there are put questions for people responsible for an academic education of future pedagogues. The programme of innovative pedagogical education, suggested by Teresa Hejnicka-Bezwińska, is mentioned as well.
Outdoor and adventure education in Poland is still developing and begins to function outside the community of practitioners. Polish researchers mostly rely on the English-language studies, which are based on the British and American experiences, but they fail to notice that the Czech achievements are comparable to the ones in western countries. Moreover, experiences of Poland’s southern neighbours are closer to ours, and thus – the methods used may be more relevant to the Polish conditions. The article describes the development and current state of the outdoor and adventure education as a science in the Czech Republic and presents the achievements of the main centre, ‘PŠL’, which initiates most activities in this field. The study asks questions about the sources of the Czech experience education, terminology, as well as developed methods and techniques of activities.
In the teaching of future and present educators, an ability to experiment plays a significant though little appreciated role. Even Immanuel Kant already drew attention to an experimental character of modern education. Contemporary educators, like never before, have to be taught how to educate via experiments. The text consists of three parts. In the first one, the author focuses on a relation between pedagogy and experiments. In the second one, Johann Herbart’s views on practical training of education teachers are reconstructed. Simultaneously, there are some references to his experience from the period he was a director of The Didactic Institute and The Pedagogical Seminary in Königsberg. Finally, in the third part, there are put questions for people responsible for an academic education of future pedagogues. The programme of innovative pedagogical education, suggested by Teresa Hejnicka-Bezwińska, is mentioned as well.
Outdoor and adventure education in Poland is still developing and begins to function outside the community of practitioners. Polish researchers mostly rely on the English-language studies, which are based on the British and American experiences, but they fail to notice that the Czech achievements are comparable to the ones in western countries. Moreover, experiences of Poland’s southern neighbours are closer to ours, and thus – the methods used may be more relevant to the Polish conditions. The article describes the development and current state of the outdoor and adventure education as a science in the Czech Republic and presents the achievements of the main centre, ‘PŠL’, which initiates most activities in this field. The study asks questions about the sources of the Czech experience education, terminology, as well as developed methods and techniques of activities.
Purpose: The technological progress of production processes causes changes in the social structure of work, i.e. modifies the content of most, if not all, workplaces. In that respect, the identification of changes in the intensity of creativeness, the level of education, and the experience of employees in production processes and occupational tasks is a particularly important issue. The article investigates the interdependence among work creativity, education, and job experience of employees of one of the municipal companies operating in Poland. Methodology: The study employs firm-level data covering over 2,200 observations. The study gathered data from three major internal sources of information: the scopes of responsibilities of organizational positions, personnel documentation regarding the individual level of education and professional experience, and the results of interviews with executive staff and employees on particular posts. The research proceedings base on document analysis, structured interviews, teamwork methods, and a classification technique. Results: Research revealed that the complexity of work increased in the company. Jobs requiring higher levels of creativity are occupied by employees with relatively higher education. However, their average level of education in the analyzed period decreased as opposed to jobs that require relatively lower levels of creativity. The analysis of interdependence between creativity and job experience identified that there emerged a relatively shorter average job experience for employees who perform cognitive work. Moreover, the average job experience increased in the group of employees who perform routine manual and non-routine cognitive work. Implications: The study refers to the job polarization issue by confirming the tendencies of labor markets. It also addresses issues concerned with technological progress, although they are not confirmed by research in this paper. Originality/Value: The main contribution of the paper is the interesting dataset gathered. Furthermore, the paper addresses an interesting question where empirical research at the firm level is lacking, particularly municipal company.
The aim of the article is to present the meaning and essence of the “hermeneutical experience” in the H.-G. Gadamer’s perspective for the theory and educational practice. The topics address the relationship between pedagogy and philosophy, the presence of philosophical ideas in the reflection on upbringing and the practice of upbringing.
The article includes the analysis of Leo Lipski's work called Niespokojni which was published in 1998, after Lipski's death. This novel is actually a type of literary work that can be termed work in progress (well-known model of modernist literary work). Lipski wrote this novel through all his life and probably did not finish it. We can also say that Niespokojni is a form of open work (furthermore the textual form of Niespokojni is a cross-border form and is a something in between poetry and prose) - this type of literary work allows for many modes and ways of thinking about literary subject's issues, also problems of literary experience etc. and it proffers a many possible readings and interpretations of course. As for the thematic issues for this novel we can say that the Niespokojni address mainly the following problems lost and absence, memory and cognitional initiation. The main aim of article is an attempt to describe Lipski's novel as a work that has its source in the experience of absence and trauma, an incomprehensible wound as much internal as the bodily, as real as fictional.
The main aim of article is a question about place experience in Aleksander Wat's poem Evening - night - morning (Wieczór - noc - ranek) and his explanation concerning this literary work. The poem was written by Wat in Sicilian town (which name is) Taormina in 1957. The most important thesis in this dissertation relates to consciousness in a state of eclipse. This altered state of mind leads eventually to more intensive cognition and experience of the space and place through some kind of abolition of self-centered consciousness or through the weakening of the authority and domination of egotistical forms of awareness. On the whole, the subject matter of paper approximates to topographical turn, nonetheless the main analysis keeps indispensable distance to many ideas belonging to present humanistic theories of place.
The subject of this hearing is the desire to show the city under humanistic orientation, as an area for activities and social contacts and contact between different functional spaces, constantly changing his destiny and meaning. These phenomena will be shown on the example of the changes taking place in the arena of selected cities in the region of Upper Silesia: Bytom, Zabrze and Ruda Śląska and therefore cities being once a symbol of industrialization, and after a period of socio-economic forcibly redefined its nature.
City is a peculiar microcosmos and mimetic reflection of the world's order. Its establishment was always preceded by all kinds of religious rites hence its sacral side. First settlements on the open space had already been established 9000 year b.c. Throughout the years, cities were isolated with walls, constituting both border separating two worlds and being some kind of internal organization generating feeling of solidarity and social consolidation. Over next centuries conception of the city had been experimented with. In renaissance many books had been written, treating of ideal cities with utopian assumptions. Some of those ideas were brought to life. In XIX century, city walls started to collapse, opening possibility of territorial expansion of the city center. Gradually urban landscape has been changed too. Some building were replaced by others, remainings of the agricultural heritage had been replaced with industrial constructions. However, with time even those lost their importance and were disassembled. Current remainings of that industrial era are being revitalized, which changes not only their looks but also functions. City is subjected to constant transformation, it's like a palimpsest, and good example of which is Croatian's Split. It's a manuscript, written by subsequent generations of human kind, were each generation scraped out some of the text (architecture elements) to rewrite it, making corrections according to social negotiations. This article describes different experiments with city, relating with moving city to another place, changing country's capital, destroying of the villages as a result of dame construction and building of the underwater city, being realization of a dream of sunken Atlantins.
Many Indian philosophers were seriously interested in some unusual experiencesand treated them as a reliable source of knowledge. Occurrence of the experienc-es was considered to be necessary and sufficient condition of liberation fromreincarnation in some streams of Indian philosophy. That seems to be the out-come of assigning the crucial religious function to meditation. Meditation wasbelieved to disclose objects existing independently of meditative activity and totransform mind in the way soteriologically desired. Few important distinctionsregarding Indian views on gnosis are discussed. Various positions regardingcontent of gnosis, verbalization of gnosis, relation between gnosis and reasoningare distinguished.
The article discusses Roland Barthes’ experience of photography and presents its distinctive dramaturgy, which emerges from the reflections of the author of The Light of Image. It is played out between attempts at a theoretical grasp of the essence of photography and a personal, intimate experience of being photographed, but also of being a spectator looking at various photographs. Barthes places this experience in two basic perspectives. The first is connected with the process of taking photographs and the second with the experience of the spectator. This also includes the experience of photography with one’s own image, which according to the author, is always an experience of oneself as someone else, and the experience of searching for “the truth of photography”, especially important in the context of the photographs of his deceased mother. It is significant in Barthes’s concept that he is talking about traditional photography which had a completely different character and performed different functions to digital images do today. Moreover, as the author notes, Barthes’s theoretical findings would be untenable in relation to digital photography.
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