Theoretical background: The issue of recommendations provided by institutions (third-party organisations) is rarely addressed in the literature. The market practice observation provides, however, numerous examples of the use of such recommendations. This is particularly visible in the recommendations given by scientific medical institutions in the form of a symbol – usually a logo and the name of the recommending organisation, used on packaging or in advertising campaigns. German Stiftung Warentest (test.de) and Austrian Verein für Konsumenteninformation (vki.at) provide a good benchmark because these institutions are established by the state’s authority to provide an independent assessment of products and to consequently protect the consumers’ interests. Polish scientific research institutions, such as the Institute of Mother and Child or the Institute of Food and Nutrition, have similar goals but they are operated and financed disparately.Purpose of the article: In this article, the aim is to present the concept of measuring the attitude towards the TPO endorsement and determining the antecedents of this phenomenon in the context of purchasing products for children by their mothers.Research methods: To develop the scale measuring the attitude towards TPO endorsement and to determine the antecedents of this occurrence, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) research was conducted using a random sample of 1,001 women aged 25–45 having children up to age 6. Mothers of small children were chosen due to the character of products recommended by the analysed TPO (scientific medical institutions) in Poland. These are mainly products for children and purchasing decisions are made mostly by their mothers. The measurement scale was constructed on the basis of the ABC (affective, behavioural, cognitive) attitude, taking the expertise level and the source’s trustworthiness into account. A set of four statements measured by a four-point scale was adopted. The middle value was excluded on purpose to make respondents clearly declare whether or not they agree with a given statement.Main findings: The purchase of products for children is a prudent decision, often involving the entire family. Mothers willingly spend more on products for their children if they only have the option of paying for safer and better-quality products. From the results, 79% of the respondents are usually satisfied with the products recommended by a well-known medical research institution. For 71%, such institutions use their expert knowledge when recommending products for children. More than half of the respondents (54%) seek recommendations of medical research institutions when buying products for their children. The TPO endorsement in the form of a “seal” has the greatest importance in case of products for children in the following categories: food and beverages (81%), cosmetics (68%), hygienic products (51%), accessories (47%), toys (31%), clothes and shoes (16%).
PL
Theoretical background: The issue of recommendations provided by institutions (third-party organisations) is rarely addressed in the literature. The market practice observation provides, however, numerous examples of the use of such recommendations. This is particularly visible in the recommendations given by scientific medical institutions in the form of a symbol – usually a logo and the name of the recommending organisation, used on packaging or in advertising campaigns. German Stiftung Warentest (test.de) and Austrian Verein für Konsumenteninformation (vki.at) provide a good benchmark because these institutions are established by the state’s authority to provide an independent assessment of products and to consequently protect the consumers’ interests. Polish scientific research institutions, such as the Institute of Mother and Child or the Institute of Food and Nutrition, have similar goals but they are operated and fianced disparately.Purpose of the article: In this article, the aim is to present the concept of measuring the attitude towards the TPO endorsement and determining the antecedents of this phenomenon in the context of purchasing products for children by their mothers.Research methods: To develop the scale measuring the attitude towards TPO endorsement and to determine the antecedents of this occurrence, computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) research was conducted using a random sample of 1,001 women aged 25–45 having children up to age 6. Mothers of small children were chosen due to the character of products recommended by the analysed TPO (scientific medical institutions) in Poland. These are mainly products for children and purchasing decisions are made mostly by their mothers. The measurement scale was constructed on the basis of the ABC (affective, behavioural, cognitive) attitude, taking the expertise level and the source’s trustworthiness into account. A set of four statements measured by a four-point scale was adopted. The middle value was excluded on purpose to make respondents clearly declare whether or not they agree with a given statement.Main findings: The purchase of products for children is a prudent decision, often involving the entire family. Mothers willingly spend more on products for their children if they only have the option of paying for safer and better-quality products. From the results, 79% of the respondents are usually satisfied with the products recommended by a well-known medical research institution. For 71%, such institutions use their expert knowledge when recommending products for children. More than half of the respondents (54%) seek recommendations of medical research institutions when buying products for their children. The TPO endorsement in the form of a “seal” has the greatest importance in case of products for children in the following categories: food and beverages (81%), cosmetics (68%), hygienic products (51%), accessories (47%), toys (31%), clothes and shoes (16%).
This study investigates the differences between novice and expert translators. Six expert translators and six translation students were asked to translate a text into Arabic and explain their translation process. The results show a difference in the translation quality, expertise of translation and the way novices and experts think and solve the translation problems. Numerous factors such as memory, emotions, decision making, problem solving, etc. co-determine successful experts. A translator expert is not just someone who has translation skills, it’s also someone who understands how his knowledge is organized; he behaves automatically and fluidly without conscious control.
Excellence and the related notions, such as competence, expertise and expert performance, elude precise definition. Historically, these notions have been approached in different ways by scholars developing their theories in a number of disciplines. These theories are discussed in the article with special reference to determinants of excellence in business and in light of the anthropocentric theory of human languages. The author’s main hypothesis is that all these three notions refer to the inherent, non-transferable properties of human beings and not to organizations. Referring to the dominant theory of deliberate practice as a key factor contributing to expertise, the author discusses other scholars’ counter arguments and formulates, in addition, his own reservations based on the specificity of business practice. These reservations relate to the diversity of the business field and to certain impact factors inextricably linked with business activity that distinguish this domain from many others.
Klugerová Jarmila, Diversity in special education, Culture– Society – Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019,pp. 45–54, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.3. The article discusses the programme of special education and its range of sub-fields. The introductory section summarises reflections on the origin of the field, philosophy and its formation, aims and target groups, paradigm shift and introduction of new methods and forms of pedagogical work in special education. The second part presents a new course Resocialisation and Prison Education in special education, which is one of the specialisations, pillars or schools of special education.
This paper presents new options how to study women’s activism under socialism in Czechoslovakia. The new history of women’s lives, experiences, and movement under socialism can be traced by analyzing the previously untapped documents: archival records (collection of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Women’s Union deposited in the National Archive in Prague; collections of the local committees of the Czechoslovak Women’s Union deposited in state district archives); organization’s official magazine: Reporter of the Czech Women’s Union; and importantly oral history interviews with the members of the Czechoslovak Women’s Union who participated in the organization before 1989. This paper indicates how this robust combination of primary sources – enriched by oral history interviews – can show the rich history of women’s activism under socialism.
The paper analyzes, on the basis of Ryle’s concepts of knowledge that and knowledge how, both objectified (verbalized, justified and verified) forms of expert knowledge and the performative (procedural, interactional) nature of expertise. Both theoretical and practical aspects of the identified categories are studied from historical and social (institutional) perspectives as phenomena characteristic of post-modern information society. In virtue of the selected social examples an epistemological model of performative expert knowledge and expertise is constructed in which crucial elements are distinguished: experts’ cognitive attitudes and dispositions, intellectual skills, intuition and mistakes as well as types of interactional versus contributory expertise. Also considered are the epistemological consequences derived from the research concerning expertise in psychiatric treatment where both expert knowledge and expertise fall into line with institutional requirements (medical or juridical) as well as procedures (correspondence with facts and/or other procedures).
This article focuses on narratives of drought in Czech media discourses. Proceeding from the perspective of cultural sociology, it describes drought as a complex cultural field and a collective representation that has given rise to new forms of civic responsibility and subjectivity and a rich tableau of new uncertainties and risks. Based on an analysis of 4632 articles published in the most widely read Czech newspapers (Lidové noviny, Hospodářské noviny, MF Dnes, Právo, Blesk) between 2014 and 2018, the article identifies the key media images of drought and relates them to broader environmental discourses and cultural risk patterns. The main thesis of the article is that the key tension in the current debate on global climate change is a dispute not between supporters and deniers of climate change, but between climate fatalism and administrative-expert rationality. The article shows that the environmental crisis is closely linked to and negotiated and discussed in connection with the crisis of administrative and expert institutions. A good illustration of the cultural aspects of the current drought debate in the Czech Republic is the link between the social and natural aspects of environmental problems and the different imaginations of both nature and society.
The current article explores the problem of conceptualizing specialized languages in the general body of language, and, as such, will refer extensively to the concepts described by S. Grucza (2013) based on the anthropocentric theory of language per se. By focusing on the cognitive function of specialized languages and evoking the principles of ecological linguistics, the necessity of integrating specialized knowledge with specialized language will be highlighted. Consequently, pedagogical implications for ESP syllabi and teacher education will be drawn.
The article brings to light the relationship between politics and social sciences in interwar Poland in its local and transnational dimensions. It explores the beginnings of expertise in ethnology and the evolution of the discipline’s tools and methods as closely linked to the political goals of the interwar Polish state, and the post-coup Sanacja [Sanation] regime in particular. Ethnologists carried out fieldwork focused on multiethnic territories, such as Eastern Galicia, which were subjected to international territorial disputes. The collaboration with politicians and the administration – developed mostly in the framework of research institutes – was a source of inspiration and, at the same time, stiff competition between scientific schools. To illustrate some consequences of this collaboration, the article traces an argument over scientific approaches to the ‘ethnic question’ which involved ethnologists and empirical sociologists, and the connection of this argument to the objectivity principle in science. These different approaches reflect international theoretical and epistemological divisions at the time as much as they show the direct and indirect exchange of ideas within the European scholarship.
Artykuł prezentuje przegląd badań dotyczących indywidualnych uwarunkowań percepcji estetycznej. Wśród rożnych wymiarów osobowości najsilniejszym predyktorem okazuje się otwartość na doświadczenie, która pozytywnie koreluje z wrażliwością artystyczną w ogóle, a także jej nietradycyjnymi formami. Prezentowane badania wskazują również na systematyczne różnice pomiędzy doświadczeniem estetycznym ekspertów i laików. Szczególne znaczenie treningu estetycznego uwidocznia się w kontakcie ze sztuką współczesną. Ze względu na charakterystyczne właściwości sztuki współczesnej (niejednoznaczność, rekontekstualizacja czy wielowarstwowość) nadanie interpretacji dziełu – stanowiące element estetycznego przetwarzania – przypomina proces rozwiązywania problemów. W związku z tym można oczekiwać, że satysfakcjonujące doświadczenie estetyczne w kontakcie ze współczesną sztuką wizualną częściej będzie udziałem osób charakteryzujących się wysoką tolerancją wieloznaczności i wiedzą ekspercką.
EN
The paper presents a study review on individual determinants of aesthetic perception. Among various personality traits, openness to experience appears to be the strongest predictor of art preferences in general, as well as the preference for non-traditional forms of art. The studies presented in the article show systematic differences between aesthetic experiences of experts and non-experts. This significant role of aesthetic training could be noticeably seen in relation to contemporary art. As a consequence of the characteristic features of contemporary art (such as ambiguity, recontextualization, layering) the interpretation of artwork, which is a part of aesthetic processing, resembles the problem solving process. Therefore, it could be expected that satisfactory aesthetic experience occurs more frequently in individuals with high ambiguity tolerance and expertise.
The paper based on the analysis of scientific psychological and educational literature considered the terms “competence” and “Research competence” is an attempt to give their definition of “research competence”.
The study was aimed to chart the implicit theories of creativity of mathematicians and psychologists. The research sample consisted of 93 psychology students and 80 applied mathematics and informatics students at Palacký University in Olomouc who were asked to describe typical mental activities and behaviors of highly creative mathematicians and psychologists. From the contents of their replies, a list of these experts’ characteristic features was created. It was found out that the implicit theories of creative mathematicians included a good level of logical and analytical thinking, high natural intelligence, exactness, flexibility, absentmindedness, and specific relation to the world to which belonged insulation from reality, closeness, poor communication skills, and sense of superiority toward non-mathematicians. The major components of the creative psychologist’s implicit theory are positive relationships to people, especially clients, the ability to produce new therapeutic procedures, to publish, and to carry out research. Other typical features are openness to new experience, persistence, nonconformity, flexibility, and broad horizons not only in the field of psychology but also in the area of culture and arts. Mental processes and behaviors ascribed to creative specialists appear to be closely related to the respective domain of science.
CS
Cílem výzkumu bylo zmapovat implicitní teorie tvořivosti matematiků a psychologů. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 93 studentů psychologie a 80 studentů aplikované matematiky a informatiky Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci, kteří měli za úkol popsat typické mentální aktivity a projevy chování vysoce kreativních matematiků a psychologů. Na základě jejich odpovědí byl vytvořen seznam charakteristických rysů těchto odborníků. Ukázalo se, že implicitní teorie tvořivých matematiků zahrnují dobrou úroveň logického a analytického myšlení, vysokou přirozenou inteligenci, přesnost, pružnost, roztržitost a specifický vztah ke světu, jehož součástí je odtrženost od reality, uzavřenost, slabší komunikační dovednosti a pocit nadřazenosti vůči nematematikům. Hlavními složkami implicitní teorie tvořivého psychologa jsou pozitivní vztah k lidem, zejména ke klientům, schopnost vytvářet nové terapeutické postupy, publikovat a provádět výzkumy. K dalším typickým rysům patří otevřenost novým zkušenostem, vytrvalost, nekonformnost, flexibilita a široký rozhled, a to nejen v oblasti psychologie, ale také ve sféře kultury a umění. Mentální procesy a projevy chování, připisované tvořivým specialistům, zřejmě úzce souvisejí s jejich vědním oborem.
In the article the importance of using a method of projects in the educational activities of higher education institutions is stated. It is proved that the simulation and projection of effective technologies of learning that guide students to the conscious activities and provide for their professional development are very important. Attention is drawn to the conditions and factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of the project. The article is aimed at studying the theoretical foundations of projects’ features and technologies in the educational process. To achieve the objectives of the study are decided in the scientific and practical tasks, analysis of technology projects are studied by foreign and native authors. The content of project techniques is described, methods of projects are characterized. The basic stages of the project activity of students are outlined; performance evaluation of a student project is revealed. The researcher writes about the role of the teacher in project activities. Object is an educative potential of project technology in the educational process. The subject of research is the use of project technology. The paper used theoretical method of research. The article summarizes the results of researches concerning the notion, essence, peculiarities and pedagogical abilities of the method of projects; their classification is given according to the various features, types of projects, structure, peculiarities of organization and their meaning in the individual educational work of establishments of modern higher education. The author studies strengths and weaknesses of the implementation of project technologies in modern Ukrainian universities. The methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of group project technologies, which are used by universities, are characterized. In order to define the essence of the concept of “project technology” it was carried out a comparison of the educational projects that explore the benefits and disadvantages of the implementation of project technologies of universities activities. The features and the results of the implementation of the project technologies in the university activities in terms of both teacher and student are found. The identified advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of project technologies of the university activities make it possible for teachers to change the traditional approach to teaching a particular discipline and to improve the quality of education.
In the article the analysis of content and location of the course «History and methodology of physics» in the program of pedagogical higher education is made. Based on the analysis and practical experience problems of teaching the course and the importance of variable approach to the organization of its study are revealed The course refers to the variable components, so is perceived as an overview, and additional students, a corresponding relation to its study. The second problem of the course is its humanitarian aspect. This is a factor that reduces the activity of the students and their conscious approach to the study. The study “History and methodology of physics” planned program for the graduate students. This greatly complicates the study. Most of the students in the last years try to work in their specialty, and therefore miss a large part of the course. We propose a remote approach to the study. Experience shows that it is fully justified. Independence, cooperation and individual approach fully define the maximum range of competencies and skills that can be acquired during the course of study. During the study course, the student has to prepare six individual tasks submitted by themes targeted simultaneously to study the course “History and methodology of physics” and to improve the professional qualities of the future teacher. The main advantages of the remote approach to the study of the course are time saving, easy approach to self-education, possibility of an unlimited number of consultations of the teacher. There are the following main advantages offered by the organization of study courses: unlimited in time and training consultations, ability to work exclusively with the individual teacher, simultaneous practical application in the educational process of school and no need to summarizing lectures, a clear presentation of the plan of independent work, the skills of effective preparation for public speaking, presentation material most clear and helpful, the skills of independent search of material and the invention of the highlights, the conscious use of the material in the classroom and the use of historical arguments of expediency in the learning process, education organization, the importance of following the plan of studying these topics and deadlines of all stages of independent work, ability to exchange remotely, useful information with colleagues: it facilitates teacher-student preparing for lessons and enhances the effective preparation of the sessions. A variety of reporting forms is aimed solely at improving the educational experience of future teachers of physics.
The article presents an overview of important knowledge regarding metacognition and its relation to exceptional giftedness. Basic aspects of metacognition are defined and briefly described in accordance with the historical development and current notions of this construct. The following text deals with how much gifted children differ from typical population in particular aspects of metacognition (declarative, procedural, etc.). Part of the article is dedicated to a concise delimitation of exceptional giftedness, mainly in view of the shift in expert opinions concerning the nature of this construct: from the classic Terman´s conception, in which giftedness was defined solely as based on exceptional results in standardized IQ tests, to more modern approaches, which take into account also other cognitive achievements, and to a certain extent even non-intellectual factors such as motivation or creativity. The next part of the study therefore focuses on the significance of metacognition for giftedness viewed as “developing expertise”, which is the conception associated mainly with R. Sternberg. Finally, there is an outline of some implications for assessment and for psycho-educational practice.
CS
Článek přináší přehled významných poznatků týkajících se metakognice a jejího vztahu k mimořádnému nadání. Vymezeny a stručně popsány jsou základní aspekty metakognice, v souladu s historickým vývojem i s aktuálním pojetím tohoto konstruktu. Následně se text zabývá tím, nakolik se podle reprezentativních zahraničních empirických výzkumů v jednotlivých aspektech metakognice (deklarativních, procedurálních aj.) odlišují nadané děti od běžné populace. Část článku je věnována i stručnému vymezení mimořádného nadání, zejména s ohledem na posun v odborných názorech na povahu tohoto konstruktu: od klasického Termanova pojetí, v němž bylo nadání definováno výhradně na základě mimořádných výsledků dosažených ve standardizovaných inteligenčních testech, k modernějším přístupům, které zohledňují i jiné kognitivní výkony a do jisté míry i mimointelektové faktory, jakými jsou motivace či tvořivost. Další část studie je proto zaměřena na význam metakognice pro nadání chápané jako „rozvíjející se expertnost“, což je pojetí spojené zejména se jménem R. Sternberga. Na závěr jsou shrnuty některé implikace pro diagnostiku a pedagogicko- psychologickou praxi.
This article explores the phenomenon of foreign policy think tanks in Europe in a comparative perspective and offers a framework of analysis for this topic. Assuming that think tanks were largely imported from the US after World Wars I and II, the article argues that European think tanks have been influenced by the different national political contexts in which they have undergone a process of institutionalization. First, the article hypothesizes that such contexts have contributed to determining different incentives for cooperation between think tanks and national policymakers. Such cooperation is based on the willingness of policymakers to turn to think tanks for expertise, advice or validation of policy decisions. Secondly, different political contexts are expected to influence the strategies of action that think tanks have developed towards policymakers and their audience. In this respect, the article identifies three strategies: the generalist, the advocate and the lobbyist. Empirically, the article is based on a survey of eleven organizations conducted in two countries, Italy and the United Kingdom, in 2013-14. Given that very few data are available on this type of organization, their activities, funding, policy audience and goals are investigated. These indicators are used to investigate the main commonalities and differences between the two cases and to compare them with the hypotheses. The results first show that there is comparatively more funding available for think tanks in the UK system than in the Italian one. Secondly, there is apparently more willingness from policymakers to turn to think tanks for expertise in the former case, considering that the UK think tanks hold a higher number of closed-door events and parliamentary hearings. On the contrary, where policymakers tend, instead, to more scarcely rely on external expertise - as it seems more evident in the Italian case - the core audience of think tanks tends to shift to other, more accessible targets (the public opinion, the academia or even businesses). The case study makes it more evident how advocacy becomes a far less important activity for an Italian think tank than a UK one.
This paper investigates and compares the functions of narrative passages in three computermediated health practices centering on advice-giving: (1) email counseling at a UK university, (2) online forums providing peer support for quitters of smoking, and (3) anti-smoking websites by UK governmental, commercial and charitable institutions. We found that the functions of the narrative passages are manifold and often overlapping. They range from seeking advice, giving advice, indicating/seeking agreement, supporting a claim, showing compliance with advice given to reporting on progress and success. In a second step, these insights were linked to how the narrative passages were used for identity construction and relational work. The results show that narratives are employed to create various identities, such as authentic advice-seekers, active self-helpers, successful quitters and advice-givers. Our comparison reveals that narrative functions utilized in all three practices exhibit nuanced differences due to medium factors and interactional goals of the practices. Finally, in these contexts of self-improvement, narratives document stability or transformation in the sense of clients’ improved health and smokers’ change to becoming non-smokers respectively.
„The cultural turn of theory” is one of the most important transformations within the humanities, which has been strongly influenced by the gradual evolution of knowledge about literature. Thanks to it, the polyphony of interpretational discourses, anchored in the wealth of cultural areas, is heard and will be heard, and that is how „the art of interpretation” will come into its own. Of course, the most significant objective of literary studies today is practice. Thus, contemporary thought about literature, which utilizes the practical ecacy of theory, has been created. The present study analyses the essence of this turning point, its scientific, cultural and practical foundations.
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