Search results

1

“Singularities” in and as “the world”: What Happens in Shakespeare

100%

Cotterill R.

Anglica Wratislaviensia

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2017

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issue 55

9-24

EN

Two possible interpretations of the notion of a “Shakespearean world” are considered; one for which the phrase connotes facts, processes and judgements which are taken by speakers to be provisional, unstable, morally “biassed”, yet in some sense “realistic”; another for which a “singular” character, a character-type or a particular experience is perceived as not only coherent and intensive in itself but as, potentially or actually, the source of a larger coherence and intelligibility. A number of citations display the different features salient to each of these two lines of interpretation. It is argued that, for some “singularities”, which take themselves and their powers and properties to be self-sufficient and self-legitimating, exposure to the “world” is in practice morally reductive or destructive. In other “singular” cases, such exposure amounts to, and offers an understanding of, Shakespearean versions of protagonism, heroism, and empathetic charm.

2

Multi-element analysis of urine using dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-DRC-MS) - A practical application

100%

Brodzka R., Trzcinka-Ochocka M., Janasik B.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

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issue 2

302-312

EN

Objectives: The method for the determination of As, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb (toxic elements) and Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn (essential elements) in human urine by the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (quadrupole ICP-MS DRCe Elan, Perkin Elmer) with the dynamic reaction cell (DRC) was developed. Materials and Methods: The method has been applied for multi-element analysis of the urine of 16 non-exposed healthy volunteers and 27 workers employed in a copper smelter. The analysis was conducted after initial 10-fold dilution of the urine samples with 0,1% nitric acid. Rhodium was used as an internal standard. The method validation parameters such as detection limit, sensitivity, precision were described for all elements. Accuracy of the method was checked by the regular use of certified reference materials ClinCheck®-Control Urine (Recipe) as well as by participation of the laboratory in the German External Quality Assessment Scheme (G-EQUAS). Results: The detection limits (DL 3s) of the applied method were 0.025, 0.007, 0.002, 0.004, 0.004, 0.086, 0.037, 0.009, 0.016, 0.008, 0.064 (μg/l) for Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn in urine, respectively. For each element linearity with correlation coefficient of at least 0.999 was determined. Spectral interferences from some of the ions were removed using DRC-e with addition of alternative gas: methane for cobalt, copper, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel and rhodium, and oxygen for arsenic. Conclusions: The developed method allows to determine simultaneously eleven elements in the urine with low detection limits, high sensitivity and good accuracy. Moreover, the method is appropriate for the assessment of both environmental and occupational exposure.

3

Beyond complexities of co-operative values and principles: Developing a framework for lifestyle research and education

100%

Stocki R. M.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 19

77-106

EN

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper proposes a methodology to study individuals and their institutions by the study of their lifestyles. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Following Wojtyla’s methodology of studying the person on the basis of his or her actions and conduct, I decided to use similar methodology to answer the question: Are the 19th century Co‑operative Values and Principles still pertinent in the complex economy of the 21st century, and, if so, how can we operationalise them to become vibrant guidelines not only in contemporary business, but also in improving our everyday lives? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The overview of the research on lifestyle in ethnography, marketing, lifestyle and occupational medicine, and finally criminology shows that unlike values, lifestyle can more easily be operationalized and measured. We both expose our lifestyle and are exposed to the lifestyles of others. Some status‑based lifestyles spread like viruses creating a pandemic of consumerism. These product‑based lifestyles are in complete opposition to the person‑oriented co‑operative lifestyle. RESEARCH RESULTS: An Exposure Model of Lifestyle allows new conceptualization of the isomorphism research. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The agency based model of lifestyle may be used for constructing diagnostic tools and investigating the very essence of personal motives both in private and work life. This model is supposed to help to investigate to what degree an individual’s lifestyle impacts the functioning of a participative company and whether it is reflected in the company’s success.

4

O przestępnym i nieprzestępnym zaniechaniu udzielenia pomocy w niebezpieczeństwie w ujęciu kodeksu karnego z 1997 r. Część II

86%

Kokot R.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2013

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vol. 30

45 - 54

EN

The article (part two) raises the issue of evaluation, under criminal law, of the failure to provide assistance to a person in immediate danger of death or serious injury. It refers to the catalogue issue and legal character of the circumstances defined in Article 162 of the Polish Criminal Code excluding the legal liability in case of failure to provide such assistance. The article analyzes such circumstances and approaches the view of the doctrine and judicature for their interpretation. According to general rules, exemption from legal liability for failing to render assistance draws the line for the entities non-liability, on whom rests that particular, legal duty of concern about the good of the ones in danger (guarantor).

5

Zagrożenia czynnikami chemicznymi pracowników ochrony zdrowia.

86%

Jankowska-Polańska B., Uchmanowicz I., Rosińczuk-Tonderys J.

Współczesne Pielęgniarstwo i Ochrona Zdrowia

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2012

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issue 1

13-18

PL

Personel placówek medycznych jest szczególnie narażony na niebezpieczne emisje różnych substancji. Czynniki zagrożeń są określane jako czynniki fizyczne, biologiczne i chemiczne. Czynnik chemiczny spowodowany jest obecnością różnych substancji w związku z anestezją stosowaną w oddziałach szpitalnych, gabinetach zabiegowych, salach operacyjnych i diagnostycznych oraz prowadzoną dekontaminacją wykorzystanego sprzętu medycznego. Celem tej pracy była analiza czynników chemicznych, na które narażony jest personel medyczny.

EN

Personnel of medical institutions is particularly exposed to dangerous emissions of various substances. Risk factors are defined as physical, biological and chemical factors. Chemical factor is caused by presence of various substances in compound with anaesthesia used in hospital department, treatment rooms, operating & diagnostic rooms and conducted decontamination of used medical equipment. The goal of this work was analysis of chemical factors which medical personnel is exposed to.

6

Hipotetyczne odczucia czytelnika wobec warstwy wizualnej wydania i ekspozycji świata przedstawionego w powieści dla młodzieży Dolina światła Aleksandra Minkowskiego

86%

Czerwiński M.

Filoteknos

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2020

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issue 10

150-161

EN

The article initially discusses the potential reception of the cover of the first edition of the novel by Aleksander Minkowski entitled Valley of Light. Next, the article passes to the strategy contained in the novel’s exposure: focalization, narrative style and relations of the protagonist with other characters, as well as sources of potential conflict constructing the story, are analyzed. In these analyzes, the model reader of this youth novel is taken into account, as well as the emotions that individual stylistic holds and great narrative figures can evoke. In this perspective, the concepts of Gaston Bachelard, Roland Barthes and Rita Felski are used, among others.

7

On the relations between burial types and a level of development of the society

86%

Grechko D. S.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2017

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vol. 38

101-109

EN

There are main forms of the funeral ceremony of indigenous population of Central and East European Forest-Steppe of the Bronze Age and the Scythian period which have been marked out in the article. The ways of treating the dead were different. The body could be buried in the ground and burial mounds within the territory of settlements (in household buildings and special graves). The bones of dead could be left in the settlement area on exposure. The forest-steppe population followed a tradition of forefathers which was expressed in worship of human remains.

8

O przestępnym i nieprzestępnym zaniechaniu udzielenia pomocy w niebezpieczeństwie w ujęciu kodeksu karnego z 1997 r.

86%

Kokot R.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2013

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vol. 29

45 - 72

EN

The article (part one) raises the issue of evaluation, under criminal law, of the failure to provide assistance to a person in immediate danger of death or serious injury. It presents the origins and development of Polish criminal law regulations in this regard. The study focuses on the controversy around interpretations of the statutory definition of crime pursuant to Article 162 of the Polish Criminal Code. When discussing the polarity of views concerning the statutory approach, the author presents not only the position of the criminal law, but also numerous examples from the case law. The article highlights the legal nature of the obligation under Article 162 and the limits of its applicability. In this context, it refers to the liability of persons with a legal duty of prevention as well as entities without such a status. The study also provides comments on accessory and principal liability for the offence of failing to render assistance and possible overlapping of regulations and types of offences.

9

Recent advances in occupational and environmental health hazards of workers exposed to gasoline compounds

86%

Ekpenyong C. E., Asuquo A. E.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 30

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issue 1

1-26

EN

The impact of health and environmental hazards, associated with the constituents of gasoline, on occupationally exposed workers has been recorded over the past few decades. However, the scientific literature on their pathogenic potential remains incomplete, which could affect the current understanding of the associated health risks. This review provides current information based on recently improved research techniques to evaluate gasoline toxicity profiles for humans. Our current knowledge provides insight into the intricate mechanism of gasoline-induced adverse effects, including the formation of reactive metabolites via bio-activation and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which are involved in multiple mechanisms that are central to the aetiology of gasoline-induced toxicity. These mechanisms include covalent binding to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), leading to oxidative damage, tumor-suppression gene activity, and activation of pro-oncogenes. Furthermore, it results in induction of autoimmunity and local inflammatory responses, disruption of multiple neurotransmitters and immune cell function, derangement of various enzyme activities (e.g., sodiumpotassium adenosine triphosphate (Na+/K+/ATPase) activity, cytochrome P450 (CYP450), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), antioxidant enzyme activities, etc.), conjugation of bile, and non-specific cell membrane interaction, leading to damage of the membrane lipid bilayer and proteins. Available data suggests that exposure to gasoline or gasoline constituents have the potential to cause different types of illnesses. The data highlights the need to maintain safety measures via suitable research, medical surveillance, regulatory control, life style modification, early detection, and intervention to minimize exposure and manage suspected cases. They also present novel opportunities to design and develop effective therapeutic strategies against gasoline-induced detrimental effects. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):1–26

10

Bisphenol A – Application, sources of exposure and potential risks in infants, children and pregnant women

86%

Mikołajewska K., Stragierowicz J., Gromadzińska J.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2015

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vol. 28

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issue 2

209-241

EN

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the chemical industry as a monomer in the production of plastics. It belongs to a group of compounds that disturb some of the functions of human body, the endocrine system in particular. Extensive use of BPA in manufacturing products that come in contact with food increases the risk of exposure to this compound, mainly through the digestive tract. Literature data indicate that exposure to bisphenol A even at low doses may result in adverse health effects. The greatest exposure to BPA is estimated among infants, children and pregnant women. The aim of this review is to show potential sources of exposure to bisphenol A and the adverse health effects caused by exposure to this compound in the group of particular risk.

11

Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL) – Methodology of the follow-up of the children at the age of 7

86%

Polańska K., Hanke W., Król A., Potocka A., Waszkowska M., Jacukowicz A., Gromadzińska J., Wąsowicz W., Jerzyńska J., Stelmach W., Stelmach I.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2016

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vol. 29

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issue 6

883-893

EN

Effects of environmental exposures in utero and in the first years of life on early life health and development is a growing research area with major public health implications. The main aim of this work has been to provide an overview of the next step of the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL) covering exposure, health and neurodevelopment assessments of children at 7 years of age. Details regarding methodology of the follow-up of the children are crucial for cross-cohort collaboration and a full understanding of the future research questions. Phase III of the REPRO_PL cohort covers a follow-up of 900 children at the age of 7 years old. The questionnaire filled in by the mothers is composed of: socio-demographic, child exposure and home environment information, nutritional status and health data. In the case of 400 children, environmental (including collection of urine, saliva and buccal cells), health status and psychomotor assessments are performed. Health and development check consists of physical measurements, child health status assessment (including lung function tests, skin prick testing, an interview/examination by an allergist) and psychomotor development tests (the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Intelligence and Development Scales). The results of the study will become available within the next few years. Extension of the REPRO_PL cohort with examinations of children at the age of 7 years old may provide a better understanding of the relationship between environmental and lifestyle-related factors and children’s health and neurodevelopment; and may further strengthen scientific base for policies and interventions promoting healthy lifestyle. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(6):883-893

12

Health risk to medical personnel of surgical smoke produced during laparoscopic surgery

86%

Dobrogowski M., Wesolowski W., Kucharska M., Paduszyńska K., Dworzyńska A., Szymczak W., Sapota A., Pomorski L.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2015

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vol. 28

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issue 5

831-840

EN

Objectives During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the removal of the gall bladder, pyrolysis occurs in the peritoneal cavity. Chemical substances which are formed during this process escape into the operating room through trocars in the form of surgical smoke. The aim of this study was to identify and quantitatively measure a number of selected chemical substances found in surgical smoke and to assess the risk they carry to medical personnel. Material and Methods The study was performed at the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Provincial Specialist Hospital in Zgierz between 2011 and 2013. Air samples were collected in the operating room during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results A complete qualitative and quantitative analysis of the air samples showed a number of chemical substances present, such as aldehydes, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, ozone, dioxins and others. Conclusions The concentrations of these substances were much lower than the hygienic standards allowed by the European Union Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC). The calculated risk of developing cancer as a result of exposure to surgical smoke during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is negligible. Yet it should be kept in mind that repeated exposure to a cocktail of these substances increases the possibility of developing adverse effects. Many of these compounds are toxic, and may possibly be carcinogenic, mutagenic or genotoxic. Therefore, it is necessary to remove surgical smoke from the operating room in order to protect medical personnel.

13

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

86%

Szyszkowicz M., Kousha T., Castner J.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2016

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vol. 29

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issue 3

381-393

EN

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis and ambient air pollution levels in urban regions across the province of Ontario, Canada. Material and Methods Information from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used to create time-series records, for the period of April 2004 to December 2011, on emergency department visits of patients suffering from conjunctivitis. A total of 77 439 emergency department visits for conjunctivitis were analyzed. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied, completed with meta-analysis in order to pool inter-city results. Odds ratio (OR) for an emergency department visit was calculated in different population strata per one-unit increase (one interquartile range – IQR increase in a pollutant’s daily level) while controlling for the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. Results Statistically significant positive results were observed in the female population sample, for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposure lagged 5–8 days, with the highest result for the 7-day lag (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.018–1.052) and for fine particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm ($\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$), for lags 6 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 7 (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.003–1.031). In the male population sample, statistically significant positive results were observed for NO₂ at lag 5 days (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.004–1.045) and for ozone (O₃), at lags 0–3 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 0 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI: 1.012–1.056). Also for males, statistically significant results were observed in the case of $\text{PM}_\text{2.5}$ exposure lagged by 5 days (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000–1.038) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) exposure lagged by 1 and 2 days (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.000–1.031 and OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.002–1.033). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that there are associations between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season.

14

Blood lead, cadmium and mercury among children from urban, industrial and rural areas of Fez Boulemane Region (Morocco): Relevant factors and early renal effects

86%

Laamech J., Bernard A., Dumont X., Benazzouz B., Lyoussi B.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2014

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vol. 27

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issue 4

641-659

EN

Objectives: To describe blood lead (Pb-B), cadmium (Cd-B) and mercury (Hg-B) levels in children living in urban, industrial and rural areas in Fez city (north of Morocco) and to identify the determinants and some renal effects of exposure. Material and Methods: The study was conducted from June 2007 to January 2008 in 209 school children (113 girls, 96 boys), aged 6-12 years, from urban, industrial and rural areas in Fez city. Interview and questionnaires data were obtained. Blood and urinary samples were analyzed. Results: The mean of blood lead levels (Pb-B) in our population was 55.53 μg/l (range: 7.5-231.1 μg/l). Children from the urban area had higher blood lead levels (BLLs) mean (82.36 μg/l) than children from industrial and rural areas (48.23 and 35.99 μg/l, respectively); with no significant difference between boys and girls. BLLs were associated with traffic intensity, passive smoking and infancy in the urban area. The mean of blood cadmium levels (BCLs) was 0.22 μg/l (range: 0.06-0.68 μg/l), with no difference between various areas. Rural boys had higher BCLs mean than rural girls, but no gender influence was noticed in the other areas. BCLs were associated with the number of cigarettes smoked at children's homes. The blood mercury levels (BMLs) mean was 0.49 μg/l (range: 0.01-5.31 μg/l). The BMLs mean was higher in urban and industrial areas than in the rural area with no gender-related difference. BMLs were associated with amalgam fillings and infancy in the urban area. About 8% of the children had BLLs ≥ 100 μg/l particularly in the urban area, microalbuminuria and a decrease in height were noticed in girls from the inner city of Fez and that can be related to high BLLs (89.45 μg/l). Conclusions: There is a need to control and regulate potential sources of contamination by these trace elements in children; particularly for lead.

15

Analysis of the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in groups of medical and non-medical professions

86%

Biernacka P., Piekarska A., Berkan-Kawińska A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2023

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vol. 36

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issue 5

643-655

EN

Objectives The assessment of the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in various professional groups is very important. Hence, the purpose of the following study was to analyze the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among employees performing both medical and nonmedical professions before the launch of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Material and Methods The study was conducted among employers of 1 of the institutions: The Provincial Specialist Hospital of Władysław Biegański in Łódź, Poland, Radio Łódź and the Border Guards of Łódź Airport. Blood samples were collected in December 2020–February 2021. Patients were screened for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Simultaneously respondents were asked to complete a self-designed questionnaire including demographic data, detailed profession, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Results Seroprevalence was significantly higher in the group of rural residents (p < 0.012), participants who declared previous COVID-19 infection (p < 0.001) and healthcare workers (HCWs) (p = 0.002), especially nurses (35.5%, p = 0.003) and medics worked in areas dedicated to COVID-19 than in other specialties (38.7% vs. 26.8%, respectively, p = 0.017). There was no association between the presence of antibodies and the gender (p = 0.118), age (p = 0.559) or BMI (p = 0.998). Conclusions Healthcare workers, in particular nurses, are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 in the workplace. Occupational infections can occur during occur not only during contact with the patient, but also with members of the medical team who do not show typical symptoms of the disease. Shortages in medical staff may also increase the number of infections among HCWs. Medical and hospital staff providing health services during the COVID-19 epidemic in Poland, may seek compensation in the event of consequences related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The effectiveness of education and self-discipline in complying to safety rules among HCWs should also be constantly monitored.

16

Association between occupational lead exposure and plasma levels of selected oxidative stress related parameters in Jordanian automobile workers

86%

Shraideh Z., Badran D., Hunaiti A., Battah A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 4

517-525

EN

Objectives: To study any possible correlation between blood lead levels and some oxidative stress parameters of selected groups of lead-exposed automobile occupational Jordanian workers. Material and Methods: Blood lead levels were determined for a total of 90 male automobile workers aged within the range of 25–45 years old along with the group of 20 agematched healthy males control. To get an idea about the antioxidant status of controls and lead-exposed workers, and to estimate the oxidative stress caused by exposure to lead, we measured the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity of controls and workers. Results: The study showed that lead levels in the case of workers were approximately 4–5 times as high as in controls 14.5–21 μg×dl–1 vs. 4.3 μg×dl–1, respectively. There was a significant decrease (16–25%) in the level of plasma reduced glutathione and 21–33% decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in all worker groups, as compared to controls. The results showed that the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma was higher (120–333%) in the case of workers than controls being the highest in automobile electronics and the lowest – in mechanics. Furthermore, there was 149–221% increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and 26–38% increase in SOD activity in the case of workers compared to the control group. Conclusions: There is a strong evidence for the associations between occupational lead exposure and various markers of oxidative stress in Jordanian automobile occupational workers. Thus, there is an urgent need to raise awareness and to initiate suitable protection guidelines for workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):517–525

17

The determinants of lead and cadmium blood levels for preschool children from industrially contaminated sites in Poland

86%

Kowalska M., Kulka E., Jarosz W., Kowalski M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 3

351-359

EN

Objectives Industrially contaminated sites (ICS) represent an important public health issue in European countries. The Silesian Voivodeship, the region located in the southern part of Poland, the historical center of industry, has many sites that meet ICS criteria. Most of them are landfills containing lead, cadmium and zinc. Material and Methods The aim of the study has been to evaluate determinants of lead and cadmium blood levels for preschool children living in the vicinity of selected environmental hazards in Piekary Śląskie, the city located in the region of Silesia. Data about exposure was obtained from the parental questionnaire and was verified by levels of biomarkers in children’s blood. Finally, 678 preschool children were studied. Results Obtained results have confirmed that the statistically significant higher level of lead in blood has been revealed in the case of younger children whose fathers have a higher level of education and whose mothers smoke cigarettes at home, as well as for those living in the vicinity of any environmental hazard. In the case of cadmium, a higher level of the biomarker has been reported for older children who rather do not live close to any environmental hazard. We have recognized 30% of children with blood lead level (PbB) exceeding 2 μg/dl and 0.8% of children with blood cadmium level (CdB) exceeding the reference value (0.5 μg/l). Conclusions Own observation has confirmed that preschool children living in Piekary Śląskie are still exposed to heavy metals existing in environment. The source of the higher level in blood is not only the hazardous vicinity in the place of residence but also well-known factors associated with the age of children, parental life style and educational background. The parental questionnaire could be useful to identify potential determinants of exposure to lead and cadmium, however exposure must be verified by measurement of a proper biomarker. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(3):351–359

18

Evaluation of a chemical risk assessment method of South Korea for chemicals classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic (CMR)

86%

Kim M.-U., Byeon S.-H.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 4

491-501

EN

Objectives Chemicals were used in various fields by the development of industry and science and technology. The Chemical Hazard Risk Management (CHARM) was developed to assess the risk of chemicals in South Korea. In this study, we were to evaluate the CHARM model developed for the effective management of workplace chemicals. Material and Methods We used 59 carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic (CMR) materials, which are both the work environment measurement result and the usage information among the manufacturer data. The CHARM model determines the risk to human health using the exposure level (based on working environment measurements or a combination of the quantity used and chemical physical properties (e.g., fugacity and volatility)), hazard (using occupational exposure limit (OEL) or Risk phrases (R-phrases)/Hazard statements (H-statements) from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)). Results The risk level was lower when using the results of the work environment measurement than when applying the chemical quantity and physical properties in the exposure level evaluation method. It was evaluated as grade 4 for the CMR material in the hazard class determination. The risk assessment method by R-phrases was evaluated more conservatively than the risk assessment method by OEL. And the risk assessment method by H-statements was evaluated more conservatively than the risk assessment method by R-phrases. Conclusions The CHARM model was gradually conservatively assessed as it proceeded in the next step without quantitative information for individual workplaces. The CHARM is expected to help identify the risk if the hazards and exposure levels of chemicals were identified in individual workplaces. For CMR substances, although CHARM is highly evaluated for hazards, the risk is assessed to be low if exposure levels are assessed low. When evaluating the risk of highly hazardous chemicals such as CMR substances, we believe the model should be adapted to be more conservative and classify these as higher risk. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):491–501

19

Acute lung injury in a worker after inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite

86%

Ra S. W., Oh J., Kim H., Kwon W. J., Kim Y.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2022

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vol. 35

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issue 3

361-366

EN

Ethylene phosphorodifluoridite (C2H4F4O2P2) (CAS No. 3965-00-2) is a colorless corrosive fuming liquid that is used as a stabilizer in the electrolyte of rechargeable batteries. There are no previous reports of toxic effects following exposure to this compound. A 28-year-old male complained of respiratory distress after accidental inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite for 30 min. The patient developed acute lung injury with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and was treated with supportive management. The patient fully recovered and was discharged after 7 days without any significant sequelae. The patient’s symptoms were attributed to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by ethylene phosphorodifluoridite exposure. The case study showed that ethylene phosphorodifluoridite should be added to the list of chemicals that can cause acute lung injury.

20

Tetrabromobisfenol A – toksyczność, narażenie środowiskowe i zawodowe

58%

Jarosiewicz M., Bukowska B.

Medycyna Pracy

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2017

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vol. 68

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issue 1

121-134

EN

Brominated flame retardants (BFR), including tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) represents 25% of the global market of flame retardants. Among them, TBBPA is used on the largest scale (approx. 60%) because of its firebreak properties and widespread occurrence in every day products such as furniture, upholstery, adhesives and electronic equipment. A broad application of TBBPA can contribute to environmental pollution. Tetrabromobisphenol A has been determined in soil, water, river sediments and the atmosphere. Tetrabromobisphenol A is characterized by a high value of coefficient n-octanol/water (log P = 4.5), low acidity, and it may exist in undissociated or dissociated form. Due to the high hydrophobicity, TBBPA may accumulate in living organisms, including humans at different food chain levels. The occurrence of TBBPA in humans, e.g., in blood, fat tissue and mother milk, has been reported. Tetrabromobisphenol A is classified as hazard statements (H) H400/H410, which means that it is toxic to aquatic biota, causing long-term changes in these organisms. Up to now, only a few studies have been conducted to assess potential toxicity of high doses of TBBPA to mammals. Although many people are occupationally exposed to TBBPA during production or processing of this substance in their workplaces, there are only a few studies that have assessed the real hazard associated with TBPPA exposure. The aim of the study was to discuss the latest literature (mainly from the years 2010–2016) referring to the presence of TBBPA in the environment and its effects to living organisms. Data concerning occupational exposure to TBBPA were also presented. Med Pr 2017;68(1):121–134

PL

Tetrabromobisfenol A (tetrabromobisphenol A – TBBPA) należy do grupy bromowanych związków uniepalniających (brominated flame retardants – BFR), stanowiących aż 25% rynku wszystkich substancji opóźniających palenie. Wśród nich TBBPA wykorzystywany jest na największą skalę (ok. 60%) ze względu na jego powszechne zastosowanie przeciwogniowe w produktach codziennego użytku, takich jak meble, obicia, obudowy sprzętów elektronicznych, akcesoria elektrotechniczne i kleje. Szerokie zastosowanie omawianego związku może przyczyniać się do zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Tetrabromobisfenol A wykryto w glebie, wodzie, osadach rzecznych i ściekowych oraz powietrzu. Retardant ten charakteryzuje się wysoką wartością współczynnika podziału oktanol/woda (log P = 4,5), niską kwasowością oraz występowaniem w formie zdysocjowanej i niezdysocjowanej. Ze względu na dużą hydrofobowość TBBPA może kumulować się w organizmach żywych na różnych poziomach łańcucha pokarmowego, w tym także u ludzi. Tetrabromobisfenol A oznaczono w ludzkim materiale biologicznym, takim jak osocze, tkanka tłuszczowa czy mleko matek. Tetrabromobisfenol A został zaklasyfikowany jako H400/H410 (zwrot wskazujący rodzaj zagrożenia – hazard statements (H)) czyli związek toksyczny dla organizmów wodnych, powodujący zmiany długoterminowe. Nieliczne badania donoszą o potencjalnej toksyczności wysokich dawek TBBPA dla ssaków. Chociaż wiele osób jest narażonych zawodowo na TBBPA zarówno podczas jego produkcji, jak i przetwarzania w miejscu pracy, jest bardzo mało badań oceniających realne zagrożenie tym retardantem. Celem pracy było zebranie i omówienie najnowszej literatury (głównie z lat 2010–2016) dotyczącej obecności TBBPA w środowisku i jego działania na organizmy żywe. Omówiono także prace prezentujące dane o zawodowym narażeniu na TBBPA. Med. Pr. 2017;68(1):121–134

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