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EN
This draft position of the Sejm concerns the constitutional complaint of 7 July 2015. In the proposed draft position the author claims that the contested Article 136 paras. 3 and 4 of the Act on Real Property Management insofar as it does not provide for the right of the previous owner to demand the return of the property acquired by the State Treasury or a municipality by way of a civil contract, concluded into in the course of the negotiations preceding the initiation of the expropriation, if the property has become unnecessary for a public use, is incompatible with Article 21(2) and Article 64(1) and (2) in conjunction with Article 32 (1) of the Constitution. The procedure for the remainder should be discontinued pursuant to Article 40(1)(1) of the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 2015 due to the inadmissibility of the judgment.
EN
In the petition submitted to the Sejm, it is postulated to extend the catalog of entities benefitting from expropriation. Assessing this proposal, the opinion refers to analyses of, i.a., the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal on the matter. In conclusion, it is stated that the regulations admitting expropriation for the benefit of private entities — depending on the adopted model of control — could be regarded as inconsistent with Article 21(2) or Article 64 in conjunction with Article 31(3) of the Constitution.
EN
The problems and prospects of development of the modern Georgian Construction Law are reviewed in the article. Negative tendencies of the construction coefficient trading and negative influence of the above practice in the urban construction are discussed as a problem. In connection with the above, the non-uniform court practice makes the vague legal grounds of coefficient trading even more obscure. The article reviews the legislative changes aimed at bureaucracy reduction implemented in the Georgian Construction Law which brought negative results in addition to positive aspects. In particular, the authorities issuing permits do not approve the structural designs, do not evaluate the competence of the geological survey and more importantly, the quality of construction materials is not checked. Within the framework of the same reform, the regulation obligating to observe the standards of sun exposure and natural lighting for adjacent buildings during construction was revoked since 2008. It is mentioned in the article that the above deregulation, as well as vague legislative regulations cause devaluation of the cost of adjacent buildings of the construction. The authors of the article equalize this fact to indirect expropriation with the difference that no compensation is paid for restoration of their rights and the affected citizens have to engage in procrastinated litigations. Precedents from the court practice are reviewed in the article on this issue which make it clear that the documents issued by administrative authorities are often unsubstantiated. The prospects of the reform of the Georgian construction legislation and Code of Spatial Planning and Construction of Georgia are reviewed in the article.
EN
The article offers a detailed interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 of the Act of August 21, 1997 on Real Estate Management (r.e.m.) in order to answer the question of what effect in terms of the ownership of the State Treasury is related to the final division decision issued in relation to plots of land designated for public-municipal roads at the request of the perpetual usufructuary of the property. The authors of the article support such an interpretation of Art. 98 sec. 1 r.e.m. that takes into account the broader legal context of this regulation and enables effective equipping of relevant entities – communes in this case – with real estate allowing for the construction of public-communal roads on them. This entails the necessity to transfer ex lege the ownership of the separated plot of land from the State Treasury to the appropriate commune as a result of an application submitted by the perpetual usufructuary. The authors’ conclusions are based on a linguistic, comparative, teleological and historical interpretation, taking into account the 2000 amendment to the provision. For comparison purposes, the content of Art. 105 paragraph. 4 of this Act is taken into account. The article also considers the relation of the institution discussed here to the regulations concerning expropriation. This applies to the prohibition of the expropriation of real estate owned by the State Treasury under Art. 113 sec. 2 r.e.m., in the narrow, formal meaning of this concept resulting from its definition in Art. 112 sec. 2 r.e.m. The discussion also includes expropriation in a broad, material sense resulting from Art. 21 sec. 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. In both cases, the analysis leads to the conclusion that depriving the State Treasury of its property for the benefit of the commune in the case in question does not constitute expropriation, but is an example of communalisation, which is an acceptable form of equipping the commune with public property.
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2018
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vol. 16
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issue 1 (3)
127-138
PL
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in Art. 21, par. 2, permits constitutional expropriation only if this is made for public purposes and with just compensation. It is the highest degree of interference in the ownership of the individual and, therefore, it is important to ensure that the proceedings which are legally carried out implement the basic principles of the administrative procedure and are run in accordance with the provisions of the Act on Real Estate Management. Due to the guarantee of protection of the individual, special attention should be focused on the conditions determining the initiation and conduct of expropriation proceedings in the form of public purpose execution, negotiations to conduct an administrative hearing, determination of “just” compensation, and return of property in cases specified in the Act.
6
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Nationalisation and Reprivatisation in Warsaw

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PL
Nieruchomości były i są nieodłącznym elementem historii ludzkości, stanowiąc punkt odniesienia w historycznych wydarzeniach w bardzo szerokim spectrum, od czasów antycznych, poprzez okres sporu o inwestyturę, po rewolucję bolszewicką. Nacjonalizacją jest przejęcie przez państwo, w drodze aktu prawnego, prywatnego mienia na własność państwa lub samorządu. Reprywatyzacją natomiast nazywa się proces polegający na zwrocie poprzednim właścicielom lub ich następcom prawnym mienia zabranego właścicielom przez państwo w drodze wywłaszczenia bądź nacjonalizacji. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje proces nacjonalizacji dokonany w Warszawie przez władze komunistyczne i późniejszy proces reprywatyzacji.
EN
This article presents an overview of the Angola–Brazil BIT and briefly analyses the dispute settlement mechanism for investment disputes provided for by that agreement. The ratification of the BIT by Brazil a few years ago means that Brazilian investors are now able to seek protection to their investments in Angola through the bilateral dispute settlement mechanism established by the BIT. Although Investor-State arbitration is not envisaged in the agreement, Brazilian investors can request Brazil to act on their behalf bringing their claims before the Joint Committee for conciliation and, if this proves unsuccessful, initiating State-State arbitration proceedings against Angola.
EN
The article aims to show the next points of contact between public law and private law by presenting the civil and administrative legal effects of the decision on the permit for the implementation of a road investment (including its amendment and repeal), referred to in the Act of April 10, 2003, on special rules for the preparation of and implementation of investments in the field of public roads. The reason for the author to analyze the topic was the fact that the author has noticed the increasingly stronger interpenetration of the areas of public law and private law and problems encountered in legal practice. The article is a synthesis of the civil and administrative legal consequences – sometimes unintentional – of issuing and changing the decision on the permit for the implementation of a road investment, which have their source in the unilateral, imperative action of a competent public administration body. It is also another voice in the discussion on the advisability of the classic division into the two oldest branches of law.
EN
Issues relating to public purposes are directly related to the institution of expropriation, and have been most often discussed in the context of considerations relating to it. However, the literature lacks reflection on the factors that limit the legislator’s freedom to create a catalogue of public objectives. However, given that public objectives are directly linked to the institution of expropriation, this question is of considerable importance in assessing whether, and to what extent, the legislature can create a catalogue of conditions for interference with subjective rights. The issues discussed relate to issues that are at the crossroads ofpublic and private law, which makes it possible to analyse them from various points of view, while at the same time creating room for discussion.
PL
Problematyka dotycząca celów publicznych pozostaje w bezpośrednim związku z zagadnieniami dotyczącymi instytucji wywłaszczenia i najczęściej była omawiana przy okazji rozważań jej dotyczących. W literaturze brak jest jednak refleksji na temat czynników które limitują swobodę ustawodawcy w tworzeniu katalogu celów publicznych. Tymczasem, biorąc pod uwagę fakt, iż cele publiczne pozostają w bezpośrednim związku z instytucją wywłaszczenia, kwestia ta ma niebagatelne znaczenie dla oceny, czy i w jakim zakresie ustawodawca może tworzyć katalog przesłanek warunkujących ingerencję w prawa podmiotowe. Omawiane zagadnienia odnoszą się do kwestii leżących na styku prawa publicznego i prywatnego, co sprawia, że dają możliwość ich analizy z różnorakich punktów widzenia, stwarzając zarazem pole do dyskusji. Jednocześnie pozwalają na ocenę stopnia, w jakim ustawodawca może ingerować w prawa podmiotowe.
EN
The main aim of presented paper is to show that the current interpretation of the article 6 of the Land Administration Act of 1997 is not adapted to the economic needs of the state. Currently, in the free market economy regime, the state is not obliged to satisfy directly the needs of society as a whole. In Poland since the beginning of the system transformation we have been dealing with a phenomenon described as ‘privatization of public administration’, which means that in many cases, the providers of public purposes are not public authorities, but private companies. The article draws attention to the practical interpretation of the term ‘public purpose’, which does not have to be reduced only to the possibility of expropriation in favour of public entities.
EN
The commented judgment concerns the assessment of the compliance with the Polish Constitution of the provisions regulating the effects of removal of the entities entered in the former commercial registers which have not been entered to the new National Court Register. The property of these entities was taken over for the benefit of the State Treasury, and the rights of partners, cooperative members and other persons to a share in the liquidation of assets expired upon the removal of the entity from the register. The Tribunal did not question the mechanism of the arrangement of the ownership relations of the entities removed from the register. Nevertheless, the Tribunal considered that the legislator’s solution to this problem was not entirely correct, as it did not pass the proportionality test in respect of claims against this property of former company partners or cooperative members. The author agrees in principle with the Tribunal’s position, but in his commentary he raises polemical remarks about certain arguments cited in the justification of the judgment. In addition, the author points out that it is worth supplementing the Tribunal’s argumentation with certain threads that were omitted by the Tribunal for formal and legal reasons.
EN
The commentary refers to the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 25 May 2016 (ref. no. Kp 2/15), in which the Tribunal decided that Article 1 para. 6 and Article 1 para. 20 subpara. b of the Act of 10 July 2015, in the scope in which they establish the new form of protecting movable monuments (inscribed on the List of Heritage Treasures) and the institution of expropriation of movable monuments inscribed on the List, are consistent with Article 2, Article 21 para. 2, Article 31 para. 3 and Article 64 paras. 1 and 3 of the Constitution. The commentary contains an attempt at a broad analysis of the problem of expropriation of movable monuments under Polish law. The discussed judgment contributes to the development of the Polish monument protection law and provides arguments in favor of limiting property rights. Since 2003 the institution of expropriation of movable monuments (inscribed on the List of Heritage Treasures) has not been appealed to the Constitutional Tribunal. Hence, the judgment of 25 May 2016 shall be considered a precedent.
EN
The article discusses issues related to the revendication of the property of the Evangelical-Union Church. The regulatory proceedings initiated in connection with the real property located in the territory of the Wielkopolska Province serve as an example. To this end, the author analyzes the issue related to the succession of the powers of the Evangelical-Union Church for the benefit of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church, and the possibility of asserting claims against the State Treasury and local governments. In addition, the article presents an analysis of the existing practice and case-law designated for conducting the regulatory proceedings of the Regulatory Commission, as well as of common courts and administrative costs. The author also draws attention to the consequences of provisions that regulate this issue not being precisely formulated by the legislator, thereby posing significant problems in their interpretation and application.
PL
W artykule omówiono problematykę dotyczącą rewindykacji mienia Kościoła Ewangelicko-Unijnego. Jako przykłady posłużyły postępowania regulacyjne wszczęte w stosunku do nieruchomości znajdujących się na terenach województwa wielkopolskiego. W tym celu autor przeanalizował zagadnienie związane z sukcesją uprawnień Kościoła Ewangelicko-Unijnego na rzecz Kościoła Ewangelicko-Augsburskiego oraz możliwością występowania z roszczeniami w stosunku do Skarbu Państwa i samorządów. Ponadto zaprezentowano analizę dotychczasowej praktyki i orzecznictwa wyznaczonej do prowadzenia postępowania regulacyjnego Komisji Regulacyjnej, a także sądów powszechnych i administracyjnych. Autor zwrócił również uwagę na konsekwencje nieprecyzyjnie uregulowanych przez ustawodawcę przepisów, które regulują przedmiotową materię i stwarzają istotny problem w ich interpretacji oraz stosowaniu.
EN
The qualification of compensation claims for expropriation of real estate to the public law sphere or the private law sphere raised many legal doubts in interwar Poland and has remained not fully resolved until the present date. This qualification is particularly relevant in view of the limitation period regarding the compensation claim. Under administrative law, contrary to the claims of a civil law character, there is no limitation of claims, unless the law provides otherwise. In this article, some exemplary legislative acts that constitute the grounds for expropriation of real estate procedures and possible claims for compensation are analysed, starting from the law on expropriation proceedings contained in the ordinance of 1934, through post-war decreesand amendments, to the Act on Property Management currently in force. Further, on the basis of the decisions delivered by common courts and administrative courts as well as opinions of high standing legal scholars, the author attempts to justify his stance on the public law nature of compensation claims for expropriation of real estate.
PL
Kwestia zakwalifikowania roszczenia do ustalenia odszkodowania za wywłaszczenie nieruchomości do sfery publiczno- lub prywatnoprawnej na gruncie prawa polskiego budziła wątpliwości doktryny już w okresie międzywojennym i pozostała nierozwikłana jednoznacznie do dziś. Jest ona szczególnie istotna z punktu widzenia przedawnienia przedmiotowego roszczenia odszkodowawczego. Na gruncie prawa administracyjnego bowiem, w przeciwieństwie do roszczeń o charakterze cywilnoprawnym, roszczenia co do zasady nie ulegają przedawnieniu, chyba że ustawa stanowi inaczej. W niniejszym artykule autor poddaje analizie przykładowe akty prawne, będące podstawą do przeprowadzenia procedury wywłaszczania nieruchomości oraz ewentualnych roszczeń odszkodowawczych, począwszy od rozporządzenia Prawo o postępowaniu wywłaszczeniowem z 1934 r., przez powojenne dekrety i ich nowelizacje, na obecnie obowiązującej ustawie o gospodarce nieruchomościami skończywszy. Jednocześnie w oparciu o orzecznictwo sądów powszechnych i administracyjnych oraz wypowiedzi wybitnych przedstawicieli doktryny autor podejmuje próbę uzasadnienia swojego stanowiska w zakresie publicznoprawnego charakteru roszczeń odszkodowawczych za wywłaszczenie nieruchomości.
EN
The aim of the present study is to present the issues of regulation of the institution of expropriation in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997. This institution has long been known for both administrative and civil law. However, it has been the subject of interest of the constitutionalists since its introduction to the provisions of the Basic Law. Due to the complexity of the work, it will be divided into three parts. In the first part, the author conducted an analysis of the process of constitutionalization of this institution in the Polish legal system and made a selective analysis of constitutional regulations of expropriation institutions in some modern countries, mainly European ones and in the USA. The second part of the work will attempt to define the constitutional concept of expropriation. At the same time, the assumption that the definition of a given legal concept should describe the constitutive elements of the institution defined by the concept will make it possible to characterize the expropriation itself. The last third part of the work will focus on the constitutional conditions for the admissibility of expropriation. It will also include conclusions and the coping of conducted research.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przybliżenie problematyki regulacji instytucji wywłaszczenia w Konstytucji RP z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 roku. Instytucja ta znana jest od dawna zarówno prawu administracyjnemu, jak i cywilnemu, natomiast przedmiotem zainteresowania konstytucjonalistów jest zasadniczo od momentu jej wprowadzenia do postanowień ustawy zasadniczej. Z uwagi na złożoność pracy została ona podzielona na trzy części. W pierwszej części autor przeprowadził analizę procesu konstytucjonalizacji instytucji wywłaszczenia w polskim porządku prawnym oraz dokonał selektywnej analizy konstytucyjnych regulacji instytucji w niektórych współczesnych państwach, głównie europejskich, oraz w USA. W drugiej części pracy podjęto próbę zdefiniowania konstytucyjnego pojęcia wywłaszczenia. Jednocześnie przyjęcie założenia, zgodnie z którym definicja danego pojęcia prawnego powinna opisywać konstytutywne elementy instytucji określanej tym pojęciem umożliwi scharakteryzowanie samego zjawiska. Ostatnia – trzecia część pracy koncentrować się będzie na konstytucyjnych warunkach dopuszczalności instytucji wywłaszczenia. Zawierać będzie również konkluzje podsumowujące i jednocześnie wieńczące przeprowadzone badania.
PL
W artykule została dokonana analiza wywłaszczeń niemieckich majątków prywatnych po II wojnie światowej. Na uregulowanie odszkodowań wojennych po II wojnie światowej miały wpływ postanowienia Traktatu Wersalskiego z 1919 roku, tj. traktatu pokojowego podpisanego po I wojnie światowej Prawo do pobierania odszkodowań wojennych uzasadniało objęcie wywłaszczeniami również niemieckich majątków prywatnych. Działania poszczególnych państw, które zostały podjęte w odniesieniu do niemieckiego mienia, należy traktować jako zgodne z prawem międzynarodowym.
EN
The point of the deliberations of the paper is an analysis of expropriation of German private properties after the 2nd World War. The reparations after the 2nd World War were influenced by the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles, which was the peace settlement, signed in 1919. The right to war reparations was the legal title of measures against German properties. The reparations are payments intended to cover damage or injury inflicted as a result of war. The measures of particular countries against German assets were taken in accordance with public international law.
EN
The paper deals with the issue of legal conditions of expropriation and their changes in the background of the development of their legal regulation. It analyzes the conditions arising from both private and public law regulations and considers, in particular, some of the legal requirements not directly incorporated in constitutional regulations. Particular attention is paid to the requirement of the principle of subsidiarity of expropriation, which is emphasized both by theory and by partial legal regulations but is not explicitly included in the constitutional conditions of expropriation. The paper discusses some issues related to the principle of subsidiarity, especially concerning the institute of the necessary access to real estate.
CS
Příspěvek se věnuje problematice zákonných podmínek vyvlastnění a jejich proměn na pozadí vývoje právní úpravy. Analyzuje podmínky vyplývající jak ze soukromoprávních, tak veřejnoprávních předpisů a podrobněji se zamýšlí zejména nad některými zákonnými požadavky nemajícími přímou oporu v ústavních předpisech. Zvláštní pozornost je při tom věnována zejména požadavku subsidiarity vyvlastnění, který je sice zdůrazňován jak teorií, tak dílčími právními úpravami, mezi ústavněprávními podmínkami vyvlastnění však výslovně uveden není. V příspěvku jsou rozebrány některé otázky související se subsidiaritou zejména ve vztahu k institutu nezbytného přístupu k nemovitosti.
EN
The main aim of presented study is to define the possibility of realisation road projects in cooperation with a private entities under the Act on special rules for preparation and realisation of investments in a public roads and in the system of public-private partnership. Due to the priority of improvement a road infrastructure in Poland and the need of reduction the public debt limit, the involvement of private entities allows them to takeover the burden of financing the implementation of the investment and the risk of project failure. Acquisition by the public authorities a private investor will make a possibility to execute very expensive investments and use it’s experience in management of a road infrastructure.
EN
Art. 21 of the Polish Constitution respects the freedom of ownership, understood as the protected sphere with regard to possess and dispose the property. It forbids the unlawful interference in the individual’s legal status made by the public authorities or any other participant of legal transactions. However, the guarantee of sustainability does not imply inviolability of the property law. Under the constitutional provisions it is concluded that property is a right permitted insofar as it is necessary to ensure the essential public objectives. The expropriation is a legal institution, which enables obtaining rights in real estate recognized for other individuals, if it might be considered necessary to implement public objectives; and through just right compensation. The legal solution, created by the art. 19 of Geological and Mining Law enabling the entrepreneurs to compulsorily buy-out the real estate seems to be dubious from the constitutional point of view. The specificity of legal instruments allowing being deprived of the right or limitation of the right to real estate for the needs of exploration and exploitation of minerals is that such de facto expropriation takes place on favor of private entrepreneurs. The question arises, how much business activity consisting in mining can be considered a public objective.
PL
Art. 21 Konstytucji RP chroni wolność własności (wolność majątkową) rozumianą jako sfera chroniona w zakresie dysponowania przedmiotami majątkowymi. Zakazuje ponadto bezprawnej ingerencji w sferę indywidualnego statusu prawnego organom władzy publicznej i wszystkim innym uczestnikom obrotu prawnego. Gwarancja trwałości nie oznacza jednak nienaruszalności prawa majątkowego. W świetle regulacji konstytucyjnych należy stwierdzić, że własność jest prawem dozwolonym na tyle, na ile nie jest konieczne jej ograniczenie lub odebranie dla ochrony interesów społeczeństwa postrzeganych jako interes publiczny. Wywłaszczenie nieruchomości jest instytucją prawną, której istnienie umożliwia państwu pozyskiwanie praw przysługujących do nieruchomości innym podmiotom, jeżeli jest to konieczne dla wykonania istotnych celów publicznych i za słusznym odszkodowaniem. Rozwiązanie prawne przyjęte w art. 19 ustawy – Prawo geologiczne i górnicze, umożliwiające przedsiębiorcom przymusowy wykup nieruchomości, może wydawać się wątpliwe z konstytucyjnego punktu widzenia. Specyfika instrumentów prawnych pozwalających na pozbawianie prawa lub ograniczanie prawa własności nieruchomości gruntowych na potrzeby poszukiwania i rozpoznawania oraz wydobywania kopalin polega na tym, że takie de facto wywłaszczenie następuje na rzecz przedsiębiorców prywatnych. Pojawia się pytanie, na ile działalność gospodarczą, polegającą na wydobyciu kopalin, można uznać za cel publiczny.
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