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TheLinguistic WorldviewRevisited. A Cognitive Analysis of Plant Terms

100%
Mierzwińska-Hajnos A.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|
2010
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vol. 46
|
issue 4
457-479
EN
The analysis of plant names offers enormous interpretive possibilities in the field of lexical semantics. (On the name-related interpretation of an expression's meaning, see, for example, Carroll 1985.) One such possibility, for example, is to define a plant term through the prism of the linguistic worldview as proposed by Bartmiński (1999, 2007, 2009), another - by the theory of cognitive domains as delineated by Langacker (1987, 1988a, 1988b, 2005, 2008). The problem is not a trivial one: what is required of a modern lexical analysis nowadays is that it should offer an account of how, for example, the meaning of the word pansy ‘any of various plants of the genera Achimenes or Viola, especially V. tricolor or its hybrids, having flowers with velvety petals of various colors’ is related to such disparate meanings as ‘a man or boy who is considered effeminate’ or even to ‘a homosexual male’.Although both Bartmiński's and Langacker's theories can provide viable lexicographic definitions of an expression such as pansy, the two theories differ in the ways such definitions are held to be structured. Thus, using the notion of facet, Bartmiński's theory makes a clear-cut division between the so-called lexicographical definition of a word and its cognitive counterpart, "which reflects the socially preserved categorization of phenomena specific for a given language and its users" (Bartmiński 2007: 42). Langacker, in turn, by making crucial use of the so-called complex matrix of domains (Langacker 1988: 56), claims - contra Bartmiński - that "the existence of a clear-cut boundary [between linguistic and extra-linguistic knowledge] has been assumed on methodological (not factual) grounds [only]ę (Langacker 1988:57; also Taylor 1989).The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the two approaches to an expression's meaning. It is argued that of the two, it is Langacker's approach that is to be preferred, given its precise description of the processes involved in the "dynamic, on-line" account of plant meaning.
2
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Lexical Concepts as Fluctuating Structures

86%
Budnikova A.
Studia Semiotyczne
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 1
PL
Lexical concepts (i.e. semantic units conventionally associated with linguistic forms) are viewed in the article as structures consisting of interrelated facets (i.e. conceptual slots filled with various types of information about the referent) with different structural weight. The paper suggests a way to model the graded structure of lexical concepts by assessing the weight of each constituting facet according to its relevance for defining purposes, frequency of contextual profiling and salience in derivation processes. Thus, the approach taken exploits as many linguistic points of access to the concept as possible and uses three different dimensions to range its facets. The suggested idea is verified with a case study of some common lexical concepts in English (e.g. represented by concrete nouns such as “bird”, “tree”, etc.), which reveals both the advantages and the limitations of the approach taken.
3
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A Logic-Based Approach to Problems in Pragmatics

72%
Seuren P.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|
2010
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vol. 46
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issue 4
519-532
EN
After an exposé of the programme involved, it is shown that the Gricean maxims fail to do their job in so far as they are meant to account for the well-known problem of natural intuitions of logical entailment that deviate from standard modern logic. It is argued that there is no reason why natural logical and ontological intuitions should conform to standard logic, because standard logic is based on mathematics while natural logical and ontological intuitions derive from a cognitive system in people's minds (supported by their brain structures). A proposal is then put forward to try a totally different strategy, via (a) a grammatical reduction of surface sentences to their logico-semantic form and (b) via logic itself, in particular the notion of natural logic, based on a natural ontology and a natural set theory. Since any logical system is fully defined by (a) its ontology and its overarching notions and axioms regarding truth, (b) the meanings of its operators, and (c) the ranges of its variables, logical systems can be devised that deviate from modern logic in any or all of the above respects, as long as they remain consistent. This allows one, as an empirical enterprise, to devise a natural logic, which is as sound as standard logic but corresponds better with natural intuitions. It is hypothesised that at least two varieties of natural logic must be assumed in order to account for natural logical and ontological intuitions, since culture and scholastic education have elevated modern societies to a higher level of functionality and refinement. These two systems correspond, with corrections and additions, to Hamilton's 19th-century logic and to the classic Square of Opposition, respectively. Finally, an evaluation is presented, comparing the empirical success rates of the systems envisaged.
4
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Nów w polskiej kulturze ludowej i gwarach

72%
Niebrzegowska S.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
|
1992
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vol. 5
73–82
PL
Wykorzystując założenia definicji kognitywnej, autorka rekonstruuje obraz pierwszej fazy widoczności księżyca – nowiu – w języku i w kulturze ludowej. Komponenty składające się na stereotyp nowiu układają się w konfiguracje aspektów (faset, kategorii semantycznych) takich, jak: nazwy, wygląd, atrybuty przedmiotowe, zachowania werbalne wobec księżyca na nowiu, zachowania niewerbalne, działania sprawcze nowiu, tło czasowe, lokalizacja, przepowiednie. Dobór i układ kategorii semantycznych stanowi o modelu kognitywnym pojęcia.
EN
Using the premises of the cognitive definition, the author reconstructs the image of the first lunar phase, i.e. the new moon [Pol. nów], in language and folk culture. The components that build the stereotype of new moon are arranged into a configuration of aspects (facets, semantic categories) such as: names, object’s attributes, verbal behaviours towards the moon in the first lunar phase, non-verbal behaviours, the agency of the new moon, the temporal background, the location, and forecasts. The selection and the arrangement of semantic categories determine the cognitive model of a concept.
5

Definicja kognitywna jako sposób opisu semantyki symbolu na przykładzie liczby siedem

58%
Wójtowicz M.
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 4
071-088
EN
This article seeks to apply a cognitive definition to describe the symbolism of numbers. First, the theoretical aspects of the ethno-linguistic research method are outlined. This part presents the main foundations of the method, in particular, a cognitive definition as a mean of reconstructing the linguistic and cultural imaginary from the anthropocentric perspective. The concept of a symbol is presented as well, as a fundamental category in deciphering the meaning of the world by traditional culture bearers. The second part of the article presents a practical application of the theory, the cognitive definition of the number seven. The pre-existing sources (data from published dictionaries and monographs), as well as data collected by the author in the course of fieldwork, are ordered using “facets”, which reflect the semantic structure of the number seven in the folk culture. The cognitive definition of the number seven consists of the following facets: “name”, “collections”, “equivalences”, “number as a measure”, “semantics of the seventh item”. The proposed definition is not yet a completed project and can be extended by other domains.
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