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EN
This paper constitutes an attempt to confront the image of the Arab community living in Poland with the self-image of this community. It is based on interviews and surveys conducted with the representatives of both groups (Arabs and Poles), which reveal some myths about Arabs most frequently repeated by Polish respondents, such as: ‘There are a lot of Arabs in Poland and they are everywhere’, ‘Arabs in Poland benefit from social welfare as in Western countries’, ‘Arabs (immigrants) are stealing jobs from Poles’, ‘When you buy a kebab, you settle an Arab’, ‘Arabs in Poland do not integrate with Poles’, ‘Arab means Muslim, Muslim means Arab’, ‘Arabs are the most unpopular nation in Poland’, and other widespread stereotypes relating to the Arab community. These myths and stereotypes were confronted with the results of the author of this paper’s own research, which undermines their legitimacy.
EN
The upcoming transformations of today’s societies into sustainable societies pose numerous problems. To avoid the destruction of the foundations of life in the Anthropocene, a profound social and cultural transformation encompassing all areas of life is required. To know how this can be accomplished requires extensive research and knowledge, the reliability of which plays an important role. The more open and diverse the global world becomes, the more difficult it is to determine which facts are important and what consequences can be drawn from them for human action. Instead of a reflexive approach to the results of scientific research, today one often encounters a populist approach to science. Its results are used to support preconceived opinions. One is not interested in new findings but aims at the disparagement of people of other opinions and their hateful insult. A destructive division of society is the result of the debates that are so important for the future of humanity.
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Verba movent, exempla trahunt

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Valentyna Sobol’s review entitled Verba wovent, exempla trahunt analyses the latest work of professor Mykola Zhulinsky My Second World War – a documentary „novel-chronicle in voices” (Жулинський Микола. Моя друга світова. Роман-хроніка в голосах, Видавництво «Ярославів Вал», Київ 2016, 416 сс.). The reviewer pays special attention to book’s complex structure, however it consists of just two, albeit extensive chapters „A war on us against all” (Війна з нами проти всіх) and „A war for ourselves with everybody” (Війна за себе з усіма). These chapters and their titles are keys that unlock unknown charters of Ukrainian history of 1939-1945, but they do not give definitive answers to difficult questions. V. Sobol analyses tragic experiences of main personages of the novel-chronicle and its multiple (real-life) secondary heroes – all set against the backdrop of the history of East-European totalitarian societies of the 20th century. Of special significance for the novel are the rules the narrator applies to portray its people and his skillful ability to reveal their idiosyncratic and universal features. Zhulinsky’s book overwhelms the reader and gives it a powerful stimulus to its own thoughts and judgements.
MK
о овој текст се разработени мотивациите за изборот на делата кои се преведени во дадената година, со тоа што посебен осврт се дава на литературната репортажа, која полека се пробива на македонскиот простор и доживува своевидна популаризација. Дадени се и информации за новостите во однос на преведувачите и начинот на работата на издавачките куќи. Секоја од преведените единици има посебни специфики, кои претставуваат проблем во преведувањето, при што се наведени главните одредници на кои се засноваат проблемите.
EN
This text analyzes the motivation behind choosing particular books in a given period, with a special emphasis on the literary reportage, which has broken into the collective consciousness of macedonian reading audience and now slowly gains popularity. The article also provides information on the current situation of literary translators and the publishing houses’ modes of operation What is also described here are the main determinants of literary translation, which vary in individual cases.
EN
Wittgenstein is the author of two conceptions of “grammar”, that were meant to be tools of reaching the same goal: discrediting of the traditional, i.e. “metaphysical” questions of philosophy. His early conception concerns logical grammar being the language of logic notation, which is devoid of logical constants. This idea was supported by the ontological thesis that there are no logical objects. In fact, it was not indispensable for achieving the intended purpose, since the elimination of philosophical problems was provided by the semantic argument that the only sensible statements are those of the natural sciences. The second concept of grammar, presented in the writings of the later Wittgenstein, seems more ambiguous. Grammar is a set of rules of the language game, having a status of grammatical statements. Examples of such statements are diverse, and desirable, according to the authors, reformulation of them all into concrete orders or prohibitions seems problematic. In the Investigations Wittgenstein distinguishes between deep and surface grammar, which serves to determine the proper task of philosophy as description of the deep grammar (especially the grammar of philosophically relevant words). In this sense New Philosophy is a kind of philosophical grammar. Wittgensteinian grammar is also anti-philosophical, as it aims at the elimination of erroneous (pseudo)metaphysical claims derived from misleading forms of surface grammar. Despite the differences in the concepts of language and grammar in the early and late Wittgenstein, he has not changed his critical approach to the traditional philosophical questions.
PL
W artykule bronię twierdzenia o meta-fundowaniu, zgodnie z którym fakty wyrażające metafizyczne fundowanie są również ufundowane (niefundamentalne). Wpierw uzasadniam słuszność przyjęcia tezy o meta-fundowaniu. Następnie poddaję dyskusji dwie teorie wyjaśniające ufundowanie metafizycznego fundowania: teorię wykorzystującą pojęcię superwewnętrznej relacji oraz teorię wykorzystującą pojęcie esencji faktów. Argumentuję, że drugie rozwiązanie posiada istotne zalety względem pierwszego.
EN
In this article I defend a meta-grounding thesis according to which facts that express metaphysical grounding are grounded (are not fundamental). First, I claim that it is justified to accept the meta-grounding thesis. In the next step I discuss two theories that explain how metaphysical grounding is grounded: a theory that involves a notion of superinternal relation and a theory that uses a notion of essences of facts. I argue that later theory is preferable over the former one.
EN
The Holocaust can be seen as a transnational crime, and a collective trauma of universal extension. Therefore national approaches could be seen only as an example out of many others. The year 2000 was the starting point of a new area, since the transformation of Holocaust memory went global. A sensitive subject is the problem of poetization and aestheticization of the Holocaust between fact and fiction. In the meantime the generation of the grandchildren and great-grandchildren has taken over the responsibility in memorizing the Holocaust. New literary approaches are made in different artistic forms and expressions, expressing the Holocaust in forms of the satire, humor, irony, and grotesque, and we may state a remarkable ‘visual turn’, too. Giving evidence is still very important to prevent collective amnesia, also reacting on forms of Holocaust fatigue. In my paper I am concentrating mainly on Polish literature after two turning points (1989 and 2000). Representatives of the younger generations want to find out more about the former lives of their relatives, searching for traces and lost places. Another important issue is the massacre of Polish Jews in 1941 in Jedwabne as well as the literary anticipation of the Holocaust. Joseph Conrad’s writing deeply affected Arendt’s analysis of imperialism as an element of totalitarianism and the banality of evil. Interesting items of writing about the Holocaust are books written for children. Next to concentration camps and the former Jewish shtetl, also ghettos became a popular place in contemporary Polish Holocaust literature. The power of words, in all likelihood holograms, will become the only way of hearing a testimony in the future, making sure that the Holocaust is not forgotten.
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