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Die Bedeutung Johannes Pauls II. in der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaften

100%
Śledziewski S.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
PL
One of the characteristics of the teaching of Pope John Paul II is his approach to the subject of faith and reason, which have played a central role in the development of civilization. They work best when they mutually challenge one another to look farther, to probe more deeply, in quest of truth. Hostility between faith and reason is not accepted because both have their source in God. But when both work together, the human person has the chance of discovering the full truth about himself, the world and God. The author of this article argues that a large number of papal documents and pronouncements of Pope John Paul II show his contribution towards the bringing together of natural sciences and theology. This is also a challenge for those who continue this effort.
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Demythologizing Christian Philosophy: An Outline

100%
Mezei B. M.
Logos i Ethos
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2013
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issue 2(35)
109–146
EN
In this paper I investigate the tradition of “philosophy” and “philosopher” with respect to their importance in Christianity. I argue that the meaning of the traditional notion of philosophy as an abstract science has importantly changed. The reason for this is that the “cosmo-theological” character of traditional philosophy proved to be untenable. If this pattern is not valid in our days, then the question arises if the role of philosophy, as conceived during the Christian centuries, can be continued in and beyond our age. My answer has two aspects: on the one hand, the cosmo-theological character of philosophy needs to be explored or “demythologized;” on the other hand, Christian thought still has the potential to open itself to a future renewal. Thinking philosophically is a fundamental human feature, and I suggest that “trying to become wise,” the striving for the discovery and realization of the meaningfulness of reality is still the main concern of human beings reflecting on their historical existence today. In this sense, the encyclical letter of Fides et ratio by John Paul II offers guidance, inasmuch as its author calls for “courage” in thinking. Following this call, the present paper contends that the three mains tasks of a Christian philosophy today are as follows: 1. A sufficient understanding of the tradition determined by cosmo-theology; 2. A sufficient understanding of the importance of the trauma of totalitarianism of the twentieth century as the dividing line between tradition and contemporary reflections; and 3. A sufficient understanding of human beings striving to grasp the meaning of personhood in an open universe on the basis of the meaningfulness of reality.
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Kant, Augustine, and Room for Faith

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Valdez E.
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 1
19–35
EN
In this paper I argue for a notion of conversion in Kant’s critical philosophy by drawing a connection between the conversions to be found in Kant and the intellectual, moral, and religious conversions of Augustine. I liken Augustine’s Platonic metaphysics of God to Kant’s antinomy of Pure Reason as an intellectual conversion. I link Augustine’s moral conversion with Kant’s meta-maxim to commit to a use of reason that is free from the influence of inclination. I connect Augustine’s religious conversion with Kant’s recognition of God as the postulated condition for the highest good. There are advantages to understanding the conversions in Kant for understanding how his critical philosophy views faith more generally. The conversions in Kant point to the practical necessity of faith as Kant understands it. Such an interpretation also unifies Kant’s contribution to the conversation on the relationship between faith and reason. For Kant faith, much like knowledge, is a form of holding true and as such is reasonable.
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Realist Phenomenology and Philosophy of Religion. A Critical Reflection

88%
Mezei B. M.
Logos i Ethos
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2017
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vol. 44
47-70
5
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Between Similarity and Non-similarity. The Nature of Theological Language in the Thought of Peter Abelard

75%
Wąsek D.
Theological Research. A Journal of Systematic Theology
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2016
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vol. 4
75-87
EN
The aim of this paper is to answer to the following question: How should theological propositions, originating from the language used to describe creatures, be understood so as to avoid idolatry, that is reducing God to the category of contingent entities? Using the theory of similarities formulated by Peter Abelard, I pointed out that the risk of committing theological errors decreases when language formulas are treated as models, and their meaning is understood in a figurative way. Such an attitude enables us to acknowledge the fact that language can be only partially adequate to the subject under discussion, and makes us aware that we describe only one aspect of a given theological phenomenon, as the chosen model may not correspond to other aspects. Such understanding of the theological language calls for a constant reinterpretation of theological propositions. If images used in theology are linked to the structure of  the world, each change in  the scientific understanding of  this structure brought by  empirical sciences, should lead to  changes in  the language used by theology. Lack of such changes in the system of religious beliefs will lead to a decrease in the credibility of theology and push its truths towards the category of myths and fables.
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Wnioskowanie logiczne jako uzasadnienie w akcie wiary

63%
Krzos B.
Roczniki Teologii Dogmatycznej
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2011
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vol. 3(58)
163-185
EN
Reasoning is one of the most important activities of intellect. Reasoning itself can be also a justification of human beliefs. It is connected one to another with process of acteptation of propositions as true ones. Thus it plays a role both in sciences and common thinking as well. That is why a justification is also needed as a support in domain of faith and of religious knowledge. The logical analysis of single act of faith is the content of this paper which main purpose is to point at the premisses which reasonelbe human intellect can accept revealed propositions as true ones with. To attain our delibarate purposes we present in turn two propositions from Holy Gospel according to Mark 2, 5. 10. Next, we are to reconstruct the logical arguments which brings to us demanded propositions as their conclusions, appearing as results of process based on implication. Next we are to examine the truth value of obtained premisses to show the rights which allow us to accept the revealed propositions which we are thinking about. In the same time we touch another topic. It is all about free human will and its decision which helps us to justify the propositions coming from Divine Revelation. In first part of this paper we find out something about reasoning in act of faith and we look closer on three concepts of reasonable faith. In second part we are going to lead an argument founded on two phrases from st. Mark's Gospel. By examining the argument step by step we will precise a way which revealed proposition is accepted on. In third part we figure out a few general conclusions about human free will which decision takes finally place in act of faith. An act of free will doesn't belong to human's intellectual activity so that it can be brought about by some influence from „outside”. Durring logical analysis of reasoning present in act of faith, we came up against moment for act of will. The act of will can be caused by the testimony of community of faith which The Revelation is bequeathed in. However obviously is that non every act of faith can be adequately translated into logical language but reconstruction and analysis put into practice wherever it could be applied, help us to understand complexity of act of faith and plurality of factors which it is built of. Even that reasonning is to be only one of them we need it as reasonable beeings and even more, we must angage our reason in our faith as far and deeply as it is possible.
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Jürgen Habermas on the (Non-)Translatability of Religious Meaning

63%
Vander Schel K. M.
Theological Research. A Journal of Systematic Theology
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2016
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vol. 4
35-58
EN
The relationship between religious faith and public reason has occupied an increasingly central role in  Jürgen Habermas’s mature work. Yet this recent engagement with questions of  religious meaning also illuminates a  significant area of development in Habermas’s thought. While his earlier writings emphasized a  need to  subordinate religious beliefs to  rational critique and to translate religious truth claims into publicly accessible forms of reasoning, his later writings signal a shift to a more cooperative understanding of religious faith and critical reason that highlights the ongoing potential of religion to advance rational discourse and social criticism in the public sphere. This essay traces this growing recognition of the irreducibility of religious meaning in Habermas’s writings, and it attends to the non-translatable dimension of religious faith as a source of its ongoing contemporary significance.
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Źródła Nowego Ateizmu. Rys systematyczno-historyczny

63%
Rysak K.
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
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2023
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issue Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie XX
199-239
PL
Nowy Ateizm jest jedną z najbardziej dyskutowanych odmian współczesnego ateizmu. Nurt narodził się po serii terrorystycznych ataków z początków XXI wieku, które były motywowane religijnie. Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett i Christopher Hitchens, wpływowi myśliciele, dotychczas niechętni religii, stali się agresywnymi oskarżycielami religii i propagatorami ateizmu. W niniejszym artykule chcemy zwrócić uwagę na obecność w Nowym Ateizmie idei takich jak: naturalizm i panteizm, scjentyzm, sceptycyzm i antyagnostycyzm, krytyka teizmu, krytyka religii, sekularyzm i humanistyczny ateizm. Elementy te pojawiają się na różnych etapach historii filozofii, historii religii i historii ateizmu, niemniej jednak w Nowym Ateizmie zyskują nową postać. Choć ruch Nowego Ateizmu spotkał się z ogromną krytyką, to jednak jego idee zaczęły oddziaływać na społeczeństwo. Co ciekawe, wpłynęło to pozytywnie na rozwój nowej apologetyki.
EN
New Atheism is one of the most debated forms of contemporary atheism. This movement emerged in the wake of a series of terrorist attacks in the early 21st century that were religiously motivated. Influential thinkers like Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens, who were previously critical of religion, became aggressive accusers of religion and advocates for atheism. In this article, we aim to highlight the presence in New Atheism of ideas such as naturalism and pantheism, scientism, skepticism and anti-agnosticism, secularism and humanist atheism, the critique of theism, and the critique of religion. These elements have appeared at various stages in the history of philosophy, the history of religion, and the history of atheism; however, in New Atheism, they take on a new form. Despite facing considerable criticism, the New Atheism movement has had an impact on society. Interestingly, this has positively influenced the development of new apologetics.
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Gilson y Báñez: Luces y sombras de un encuentro tardío

63%
García Cuadrado J. Á.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 4
579–618
EN
Gilson came across Báñez’s commentary on the Summa Theologiae in 1952, and since then he saw in Báñez the confirmation of his own understanding of the act of being against the background of deviant interpretations made by other Thomists, especially Cajetan. In this paper, Gilson’s claims about the metaphysics of Báñez, including the actus essendi, the immortality of the soul, the relation between philosophy and theology, etc., are discussed. Although Gilson rectifies Báñez’s interpretations of Thomas’ ways and the act of being of the accidents, Gilson’s ultimate assessment of Báñez is positive to such an extent that for the French medievalist the Dominican of Salamanca will remain “the most Thomistic of all the Thomists that I have had the privilege of knowing.”
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GILSON ON THE RATIONALITY OF CHRISTIAN BELIEF

63%
Hancock C. L.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2012
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vol. 1
29-44
EN
The underlying skepticism of ancient Greek culture made it unreceptive of philosophy. It was the Catholic Church that embraced philosophy. Still, Étienne Gilson reminds us in Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages that some early Christians rejected philosophy. Their rejection was based on fideism: the view that faith alone provides knowledge. Philosophy is unnecessary and dangerous, fideists argue, because (1) anything known by reason can be better known by faith, and (2) reason, on account of the sin of pride, seeks to replace faith. To support this twofold claim, fideists, like Tertullian and Tatian, quote St. Paul. However, a judicious interpretation of St. Paul’s remarks show that he does not object to philosophy per se but to erroneous philosophy. This interpretation is reinforced by St. Paul’s own background in philosophy and by his willingness to engage intellectuals critical of Christianity in the public square. The challenge of fideism brings up the interesting question: what would Jesus himself say about the discipline of philosophy? Could it be that Jesus himself was a philosopher (as George Bush once declared)? As the fullness of wisdom and intelligence, Jesus certainly understood philosophy, although not in the conventional sense. But surely, interpreting his life through the lens of fideism is unconvincing. Instead, an appreciation of his innate philosophical skills serves better to understand important elements of his mission. His perfect grasp of how grace perfects nature includes a philosophy of the human person. This philosophy grounded in common-sense analysis of human experience enables Jesus to be a profound moral philosopher. Specifically, he is able to explain the principles of personal actualization. Relying on ordinary experience, where good philosophy must start, he narrates moral lessons—parables—that illumine difficulties regarding moral responsibility and virtue. These parables are accessible but profound, showing how moral understanding must transcend Pharisaical legalism. Additionally, Jesus’ native philosophical power shows in his ability to explain away doctrinal confusions and to expose sophistical traps set by his enemies. If fideism is unconvincing, and if the great examples of the Patristics, the Apostles, and Jesus himself show an affinity for philosophy, then it is necessary to conclude that Christianity is a rational religion. Accordingly, the history of Christian culture is arguably an adventure in faith and reason. Since God is truth and the author of all truths, there is nothing in reality that is incompatible with Christian teaching. As John Paul II explains effectively in the encyclical, Fides et Ratio, Christianity is a religion that is rational and can defend itself. This ability to marshal a defense makes Christianity a religion for all seasons.
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Fides, ratio et caritas, czyli o trzech władzach ujętych w kontekście augustyńskiej introspekcji

51%
Warchał R.
Logos i Ethos
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2021
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vol. 58
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issue 2
89-106
EN
Augustine, as a theologian, bases his philosophy mostly on the authority and deposit of Faith Revealed, but his philosophical dissertations are also concerned with the truth of human cognition. The Christian writer pays special attention that the christian faith need a mind, but also it implies a strong relationship to what is held than does ordinary belief, so revealde truth and simple belief are not identical. The author distinguishes between these concepts and he strongly emphasizes that the other beliefs may be strictly matters of faith resting upon the reasons. The second thesis is obviously concerned with the author’s attitude towards the systems undermining such possibility, namely the skepticism of middle academy. Additionally, the topic is undoubtedly noteworthy as the dissertations of this old Christian writer seem to reach far beyond his times – Augustine alights on conclusions that are in the spirit of contemporary thinking. It is also worth mentioning that Augustine in a way anticipates the contemporary concept of soul, which was originated by Descartes. Unquestionably, both writers link human spirituality to God. According to Augustine a soul recognizes itself by inner turning towards itself. A thorough analysis of this process reveals co-substantialism of three powers in this recognition: memory, intellect and will. It is thanks to this inner triad that a soul has the ability of identification in which it discovers itself as existing. The result of such self-discovery is love of the soul, proceeded by its intellectual insight. In a way, one has to know something in order to be able to love it. According to Augustine, it is impossible to love something one does not know. The problem of love will serve Augustine to present two vital issues. The first one is the theological reflection on the mystery of Holy Trinity. The other describes the perspective of communion with the Absolute itself, in the context of Bible anthropology. It is interesting to notice that the author claims this communion to be possible through intellectual cognition and love, which arouses this cognition by exciting desire towards the loved thing. Augustine believes that love is intrinsically triple (similarly to innerly active soul). There can be no love without the loving one, the loved being and the love which connects them. The three conditions, namely the soul, its love and cognition, also exist in the case of the soul’s love towards itself. According to Augustine, it is impossible to love God without the love for human being and likewise one cannot love human being without the love for God (who is love). As presented by Augustine, love is being discovered through intellectual cognition and thanks to it human being participates in the love of God, who is its only source.. It is through love that a human being has a participation in God Himself. For Augustine this has a dual character, both uniting and making similar to God. This unusual element of anthropology shows us that even now, in this life, a human being is granted with an opportunity of getting to know God and of inner (ontic) transformation triggered by the love of God.
PL
Zestawienie filozoficznego ratio z chrześcijańskim fides należy do kluczowych tematów doktryny Augustyna. Myśliciel ten zwraca szczególną uwagę na to, że człowiek właśnie po to został obdarzony zdolnością myślenia i pojmowania, ażeby zgłębiać tajemnicę chrześcijańskiego Objawienia. W refleksji chodzi mu nie tyle o wprowadzanie elementów zawierzenia w luki poznania dyskursywnego i odwrotnie, ile o uzasadnienie potrzeby rozumności w obrębie wiary. Ojciec Kościoła rozpatruje ową trudność wszechstronnie, w swoich przemyśleniach kieruje się maksymą Crede, ut intelligas, według której analizowana relacja staje się bardziej integralna. Wiara w autorytet Boski nie jest dla niego po prostu subiektywnym mniemaniem, zastępującym wiedzę pewną. Hippończyk, porządkując problem wiedzy, ukazuje wieloaspektowe ujęcie z możliwością wzajemnej korelacji fides i ratio. Pomimo że Augustyn jako teolog opiera swą filozofię przede wszystkim na autorytecie i depozycie Objawionej wiary, to jednak nie unika w swoich rozważaniach pytań o prawdziwość ludzkiego poznania. Problematyka tego zagadnienia dotyczy stosunku autora do systemów podważających tę możliwość, a więc sceptycyzmu średniej akademii. Dodatkowo temat ten jest o tyle istotny i warty uwagi, że rozważania autora zdają się sięgać daleko poza jego epokę – Augustyn na swój sposób antycypuje nowożytną problematykę duszy, skądinąd zapoczątkowaną przez Kartezjusza. Bez wątpienia u obu autorów występuje widoczne powiązanie duchowości człowieka z Bogiem. W ocenie filozofa dusza poznaje siebie właśnie poprzez introspekcyjne zwrócenie się ku sobie, dokładniejsza analiza jej działania ukazuje współsubstancjalność trzech władz: pamięci, intelektu oraz woli. To właśnie dzięki tej wewnętrznej triadzie mamy możliwość identyfikacji, w której odkrywamy wartość wypływającą z daru, jakim jest miłowanie. Zgodnie z myślą Augustyna trzeba w pewnym sensie coś wiedzieć, aby być zdolnym do kochania i nie można miłować tego, czego się w ogóle nie zna. Biblijny wątek agape posłuży Augustynowi do przedstawienia dwóch ważnych kwestii. Pierwszą z nich jest teologiczna refleksja nad tajemnicą Trójcy Świętej, natomiast ta druga – w kontekście jego antropologii – opisuje perspektywę komunii z samym Absolutem. Istota ludzka ma więc niejako udział w samym Bogu, autor wyraża tę prawdę słowami: „Et qui nisi Deo plenus est, qui plenus est dilectione? (…) Immo vero vides Trinitatem, si caritatem vides” (S. Aureli Augustini, De Trinitate, VIII, 8,12).
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