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EN
The paper presents the use of artificial neural networks as a tool expert, which supports decision-making for the quarterly period investing on the stock exchange. The authors also proposed a set of 12 features of the economy and the stock market, which has a universal character so that the approach presented in the publication of this configuration data can be useful for any chosen market. Tests were carried out on the basis of actual data from WSE (GPW in Warsaw) and the Polish economy.
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Verb movement: The contrast between English and Polish

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EN
This paper discusses V features, nominative case checking, and V movement in Chomsky’s (1995, 2001) minimalist program, explains the facets of the English subjunctive and imperative, and contrasts the difference of V movement between English and Polish. I propose the V feature specifications [−Tense, +Agr] and [+Tense, −Agr] for the English subjunctive and imperative respectively. Under this analysis, the auxiliary do can be solely inserted into [+Tense], which is an independent case checker, while [+Agr] is a dependent case checker which must be activated by another head under adjacent head-to-head relation (Raposo 1987). It is further illustrated that the finite V carries [+Tense, +Agr] in English, but [+Tense, +Agr, +Mood] for earlier English and other European languages such as Polish. The claim is that the diachronic change of V movement should not be attributed to any impoverishment of agreement morphology, but to the demise of mood morphology, and that V raising can be accounted for in terms of the strength of I by counting the number of positive features: The more, the stronger. The peculiar behavior of by plus an agreement suffix in Polish subjunctives can also be explained by setting up MoodP which hosts [+Agr, +Mood] in its head.
EN
This paper presents the Author’s method for describing prototype categories based on dictionary and corpora data. The case of the conceptual category ROBAK demonstrates that prototype theory’s standard and extended versions’ tools (distinguished by Georges Kleiber) are insufficient to reconstruct some conceptual categories. ROBAK is an example of an atypical category both collective and taxonomic. Within the approach presented in this paper the Author attempts to bring together the conceptualization of a prototype as a set of features and cue validity parameter as an indicator of importance of a single feature for the category. The Author proposes a set of steps leading to the reconstruction of the prototype structure of the category ROBAK. Those steps may also be employed to analyze other categories.
EN
The author in her article presents services as a market product which is more and moreoften an innovative product. A particular attention is paid to the services' features which have an important impact on behaviour of the services market participants. Introduction to the market of new, improved, technologically advanced services requires a competent consumer.
UK
The author in her article presents services as a market product which is more and more often an innovative product. A particular attention is paid to the services’ features which have an important impact on behaviour of the services market participants. Introduction to the market of new, improved, technologically advanced services requires a competent consumer.
EN
This paper concerns the subjective features of a criminal act committed by an insane perpetrator. This problem has been discussed in the Polish doctrine of criminal law on a number of occasions, but no clear answers to some crucial questions has been offered. Thus the attempt to highlight the main concerns and their possible solutions. The issues under review include the essence of insanity, the issue of recognising an insane perpetrator’s behaviour as an act in criminal law, the voluntary commission of the act, and, finally, the possibility of attributing mens rea to an insane perpetrator.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problematyki strony podmiotowej czynu zabronionego niepoczytalnego sprawcy. Zagadnienie to było już kilkakrotnie podejmowane w polskiej nauce prawa karnego, brak jest jednak jednoznacznych odpowiedzi na kluczowe pytania z nim związane. W artykule podjęta została więc próba naświetlenia podstawowych problemów i ich możliwych rozwiązań. Analizie została poddana istota niepoczytalności, kwestia uznania zachowania niepoczytalnego sprawcy za czyn na gruncie prawa karnego oraz dowolności tego czynu, wreszcie sama możliwość przypisania niepoczytalnemu sprawcy umyślności albo nieumyślności w popełnieniu czynu zabronionego.
EN
Purpose of the article There is relatively a big number of brands in the market of laptops nowadays in Albania. It appears that the number of brands offered in this market could easily be compared to the number of brands in Europe and even broader. The purpose of this study is to help Albanian vendors understand the criteria that consumers take into consideration when they make the decision to purchase a laptop. Methodology/methods The research is based on the collection and the analyses of the primary data collected through interviews to people like managers or employees who work in the sector of trading laptops or in businesses like education where laptops are broadly used recently; then a survey is done through a questionnaire delivered to customers who already own and use a laptop and customers who are potential buyers of laptops. Scientific aim The aim of the research is to identify if there are any relationships between the demographics of the consumers and the criteria of buying a laptop; on the other hand, to find out how is the relationship between the demographics and the features of different brands. Findings The study found out that Albanian consumers have good knowledge of laptops and their brands, and they use different sources of information for making their decisions in buying a laptop; it is found that there are relationships between some demographics like age or gender and the appraisal for some attributes of the laptops like price, design and high graphics card; it is also found that some technical features and other attributes of using laptops are some of the determinants that influence the laptops’ purchases. Conclusions It is realized that one of the most important demographics of the consumers is their age. Some core features like RAM, ROM, battery life, processor quality, light weight or attributes that are connected to the purposes of using the laptop computers like practicality and mobility in using them, work and studying processes, quick access to the internet are determinant factors which influence the decision making process of purchasing a laptop. I would recommend that future researches be focused also on the relationship between the customers’ income and their preferred brand or ranking brands according to the customers’ preferences. Such studies should also extend outside the city of Tirana.
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2012
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vol. VI
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issue (2/2012)
85-97
EN
Who do we want to educate? Happy, kind and trustworthy people or perhaps individuals equipped with many competences and skills – this is a dilemma of contemporary parents, teachers, and educators. From the analysis of interviews with parents whose children start their first year in nursery school there emerges a disturbing vision of the characteristics of the contemporary man. Globalisation questions the process of forming such traits as kindness, authenticity, and beauty, which shape morality. Instead of this triad that determines the relations between people as well as between people and the world, some specific competenances and skills are preferred in the education of children.
PL
The paper discusses the remains of an early medieval settlement, dating from the late 7th to the end of the 9th century. Ten features and movable finds related to this period were studied, and included three semi-dugout dwellings, a single pit used either for smoking, roasting or making wood tar and four hearths, while the purpose of two features could not be determined. Among the movable finds were pottery, animal bones, roasted fragments, daub lumps, a whetstone and grindstones, as well as an iron spur with catches hooked inside.
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 2
112-116
EN
In modern conditions, the successful development of an educational institution as an organization, implementation and management of technological change in administrative activity of school leaders is impossible without taking into account the organizational culture as the leading factor of management activities. Purposeful formation of organizational culture of an educational institution, focused on innovation, integrating the interests of teachers and students, will allow it to operate successfully in a market economy and information society. The article focuses on revealing the contents of organizational culture of a vocational and technical educational institution of agricultural profile, the definition of its functions and features based on the analysis and synthesis of modern scientific sources specific to the system vocational and technical education in Ukraine.
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 1
43-59
EN
This paper reports a perceptual evaluation of the meanings conveyed by the acoustic components of “nasal grunts” (Chlebowski and Ballier 2015), i.e., non-lexical conversational sounds realised with a nasal feature (e.g. , , ). This study follows the experimental investigation conducted by Chlebowski and Ballier (2015) on the acoustic components of such sounds in the PVC project (Milroy et al. 1997), which is part of the NECTE corpus (Allen et al. 2007). In accordance with current claims in the literature, they ascribed meanings to these acoustic features, e.g. fall-rises express that the “speaker implies something” (Wells 2006: 27), and verified their validity through an analysis of the context surrounding the “nasal grunts”. Nonetheless, to avoid problems of circularity and ad hoc categories, the present study includes a perceptual evaluation by four participants. To verify the meanings ascribed to the features of “nasal grunts”, three native speakers of American English were recorded in short casual conversations and three perception tests were created using these recordings, with Praat software (Boersma and Weenink 2009). The first two tests aim to check whether different acoustic features: 1) are perceived as different when presented in pairs; 2) can be identified by the participants (as falls or rises) in isolation. The last test aim to determine whether each feature bears the same meaning: 1) in isolation, 2) in a given context, or 3) in scripted conversations likely to trigger the meanings ascribed by Chlebowski and Ballier (2015). Results suggest that acoustic components of “nasal grunts” in Geordie English do convey specific attitudinal meanings, and raise the possibility of a perceptual hierarchy of those components.
EN
The article defines the essence of the concept “professional properties of the musical art teachers” through the study and analysis of documents, psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem, the integration and concretization. Based on the study and analysis of the relevant definitions in the research literature, it was figured out that the properties of the professional teachers of musical art are defined as professionally significant personal characteristics, which determine the characteristics of his/her musical and educational activities. These properties determine the social demands of the teacher-musician in the form of certain functions, abilities, knowledge, skills, personal and professional qualities (features) and focus to professional activities. We marked out organizational and structural, targeted and others functions. Basic abilities are musical, academical, didactical, communicative, organizational, gnostic, prognostic, perceptional, constructional, leadership, creative and expression. Basic knowledge and skills are cultural, musical and pedagogical, psychological, methodological, music theory, music performance. The list is continued by pedagogical, gnostic, communicative and motor skills; professionally significant and personal features and focus on the practical implementation of the educational potential of music education of children, maintaining the image of teachers, the prestige of the profession, for the professional and personal self-improvement. Identified and described the main professionally significant features (love of musical-pedagogical activity, professional competence, musicality, communication skills, musical and pedagogical thinking) and personal features (general erudition and culture, humanity, love for children, creativity, self-improvement) of the future musical art teachers. Thus, the study created the basis to define the organizational and pedagogical conditions of formation of the most important professional properties of the future teachers of musical art and also to develop on their basis the suitable model which is the prospect of further scientific studies.
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EN
This article addresses the issue of the uniqueness of legal reasoning and, specifically, the author advances the thesis that what makes legal reasoning different from the reasoning  employed in demonstrative and empirical sciences and matters of everyday life is not the actual form (scheme) of this reasoning but the legal milieu. Thus, he tries to demonstrate that some features of law – such as its normative and prescriptive nature, difficulties with the verification of its content on empirical grounds, its limitations stemming from the physical world and dependence on humans and their minds, as well as the ‘unspecialized’ character of law agents and the extraordinary role of authority – influence legal reasoning as well. At the same time these features also allow this reasoning to be unique, despite its adoption of forms of inference that are present elsewhere.
EN
The twelfth book of the Etymologies is, as we know, devoted to the descriptions of animals (divided into eight groups), Isidore of Seville, basing on previous accounts, drew from these sources the most important elements characterizing individual creatures. The twelfth book summarizes the long–lasting (ancient and early Christian) views on the innate corporeal shapes and ways of behaviour and reactions of animals. In the presentation of some animals, the bishop of Seville clearly strengthened (preferred) their features – presented in the sources aviailable to him – which in his interpretation were common to animals and to people, or bore resemblance to human characteristics. He demonstrated features from the psycho-mental and moral spheres (equus, bos, leo, elephantus, canis, simia, iricius, formica, serpens, delfinus). To a lesser degree, he pointed to bodily features (birds, aves: psittacus, pica, coturnix) and social (ciconia, apis). Mention of common (or similar) traits of animals and humans does not occur only in part of the book saying de vermibus (other groups of animals have their ,,representatives” in this regard). Paying attention to the common features of animals and people is, we think, an important aspect of Isidore’s view of the animal world. It is also one of the special features of his anthropology.
PL
Dwunasta księga „Etymologii” jest, jak wiemy, poświęcona opisom zwierząt (podzielonych na osiem grup). Isidor z Sewilli, opierając się na wcześniejszych relacjach, czerpał z tych źródeł najważniejsze elementy charakteryzujące poszczególne stworzenia. Dwunasta księga zbiera i niejako kumuluje starożytne i wczesnochrześcijańskie poglądy na temat naturalnych kształtów ciała, sposobów zachowania i reakcji zwierząt. Podczas prezentacji niektórych z nich biskup Sewilli wyraźnie wyakcentował te ich cechy – przedstawione w dostępnych mu źródłach – które w jego interpretacji były bądź wspólne dla ludzi i zwierząt, bądź też były podobne do cech ludzkich. Izydor pokazał w ten sposób wiele cech ze sfery psycho-mentalnej i moralnej u takich zwierząt jak: bos, canis, delfinus, elephantus, equus, formica, iricius, leo, serpens i simia. W mniejszym zaś stopniu wskazywał na podobieństwo cech somatycznych u ludzi i ptaków (coturnix, pica, psittacus) oraz na analogie w życiu „społecznym” ludzi, owadów i ptaków (apis, ciconia). Wydaje się, że zwracanie uwagi na cechy wspólne zwierząt, owadów i ludzi było ważnym elementem w Izydorowym postrzeganiu świata zwierząt. Jest to również jedna ze szczególnych cech jego szeroko rozumianej antropologii.
EN
Since the beginning of its existence, sport has played an important role in society. With the potential of social impact, sport was bound to produce a close relationship with the sphere of politics. An aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of sports policy to the Polish scientific discourse. This concept is used very rarely in Polish political and scientific discourse. On the other hand, in the UK, Scandinavian countries, Canada and Germany a distinct nature of sport policy is exposed to a large extent. In the mentioned countries no one negates its concepts, localization and social usefulness. It is described there as one of the elements of social policy. There are even scientific discussions on the inclusion of sport policy in defined categories of public policies.
PL
W polskim dyskursie naukowym pojęcie polityki sportowej jest bardzo rzadko stosowane. Brak jednej obligatoryjnej definicji jest przede wszystkim konsekwencją nie do końca określonego charakteru zaangażowania się państwa w obszar sportu. Z kolei w Wielkiej Brytanii, państwach skandynawskich, Kanadzie i Niemczech bardzo mocno eksponuje się jej odrębny charakter, nie neguje się jej pojęcia, umiejscowienia ani przydatności społecznej. Określa się ją tam jako jeden z elementów polityki społecznej. Prowadzone są nawet dyskusje dotyczące włączenia polityki sportowej do zdefiniowanych kategorii polityk publicznych. W związku z tym głównym celem artykułu jest wprowadzenia do polskiego dyskursu naukowego pojęcia polityki sportowej, przedstawienia jej cech oraz problemów definicyjnych.
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 3
219-224
PL
W publikacji dokonano prezentacji sztucznych sieci neuronowych jako narzędzia eksperckiego, który wspomaga podejmowanie decyzji dla kwartalnego okresu inwestowania w akcje notowane na hipotetycznej giełdzie papierów wartościowych. Zaproponowano także zestaw 12 cech gospodarki i giełdy, który ma na tyle uniwersalny charakter, iż zaprezentowany w publikacji sposób konfiguracji sieci wraz z tym zestawem danych może być przydatny na dowolnie wybranej giełdzie.
EN
The publication presents artificial neural networks as a expert tool which supports making decision for the quarterly period of investment in shares listed on a hypothetical stock exchange. Also it is proposed a set of 12 features of a economy and some stock exchange, which have a universal character because the presented configured network with this set of data can be useful in any chosen stock exchange.
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51%
EN
The author focuses her attention on the term legal translation. The aim of the paper is togive features of legal translation which can serve the purpose of constructing a definition of theterm. The first part of the paper touches upon the problem of legal translation, legal discourse, legal texts and legal language. The typologies of legal texts presented by different authors have been included here as well. In the second part of the article the features typical of legal translation and differentiating it from other types of translation are given.
PL
W niniejszym artykule poruszony jest problem zakresu terminu tłumaczenie prawnicze. Opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie tych elementów charakterystycznych, które mogą posłużyć do zbudowania definicji przekładu prawniczego. Pierwsza część poświęcona jest omówieniu pojęcia przekładu prawniczego, w szczególności z perspektywy definicji tekstu i dyskursu prawniczego oraz języka prawa. Omówione zostaną różne typy tekstów prawnych w koncepcjach różnych autorów oraz w perspektywie tłumaczeniowej. W drugiej części opracowania przedstawiono cechy pozwalające na rozróżnienie tłumaczenia prawniczego od innych rodzajów przekładu specjalistycznego, poprzez wskazanie, że jego specyfika wynika z przebiegu procesu tłumaczenia na etapie odkodowania i ponownego kodowania informacji.
FR
Nous abordons dans le présent article le problème de la portée du terme traduction juridique. Nous allons essayer de désigner les caractéristiques qui peuvent servir de base à une définition de la traduction juridique. La première partie se concentre sur la présentation de la notion de la traduction juridique, notamment du point de vue de la définition du texte et du discours et du langage juridiques. Nous analysons les différents types des textes juridiques en comparant les typologies adoptées par quelques auteurs et en adoptant la perspective de la traduction. Dans la deuxième partie du présent article, nous présentons les caractéristiques qui permettent de distinguer la traduction juridique d’autres types de traduction spécialisée en démontrant qu’elle réside dans la spécificité du processus de la traduction juridique qui consiste en décryptage et recryptage du message.
PL
Określając czynniki kryzysu finansowo-gospodarczego, autor podtrzymuje opinię specjalistów, że nie był on przypadkowy, a doprowadzono do niego celowo. Kryzys ma swoich inicjatorów i organizatorów, którzy dla osiągnięcia korzyści gotowi są zapomnieć o moralności. Dlatego właśnie za jeden z podstawowych czynników kryzysu finansowego można uznać kryzys duchowo-światopoglądowy i moralny. Powstaje zatem potrzeba formowania postaw moralnych, społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu, a także wyznaczenia miejsca rodziny, szkoły, uczelni, Kościoła w tym procesie.
EN
Determining features of the financial and economic crisis the author supports the specialists point of view which consider that the crisis is not an eventual thing, it was created and made by its organizers who neglected their morality for the sake of benefit. Thus the crisis is considered to be not only financial but moral and spiritual one as well. The topical worthwhile task in this context is to form high morality, social business responsibility and to determine the role and the place of a family, a school, a university and a church in this very process.
EN
Taking into account the tasks that foreign students at Polish universities face, the author attempts to discuss those language characteristics that are common for various domains in the humanities and which make Polish for humanities particular. She draws attention to the properties of the language in academic and popular science texts (objectivism, intellectualism, or depersonalization) and discusses the linguistic means used for their creation. She points out the linguistic aspects which foreigners who intend to study in Poland should get familiarized with. She also discusses the sources of texts used for working with the students who attend professional language courses, ranging from academic textbooks (for the most advanced) to the media and online texts and textbooks for foreigners.
PL
Autorka, biorąc pod uwagę zadania, przed jakimi stają studenci obcokrajowcy studiujący na polskich uniwersytetach, podejmuje próbę omówienia wspólnych dla różnych nauk humanistycznych właściwości językowych, decydujących o specyfice humanistycznej odmiany języka polskiego. Zwraca uwagę na cechy języka humanistycznych tekstów akademickich oraz popularnonaukowych (obiektywizm, intelektualizm czy depersonalizacja) i omawia środki językowe, za pomocą których się je tworzy. Wskazuje na zagadnienia językowe, z jakimi powinni zapoznać się cudzoziemcy zamierzający studiować w Polsce. Wskazuje też źródła tekstów do pracy ze słuchaczami kursów języka specjalistycznego – od podręczników akademickich (dla najbardziej zaawansowanych), poprzez teksty prasowe i internetowe, do podręczników dla cudzoziemców.
EN
The huge number of interpretations and approaches to religious experiences makes discourse in the scientific studies of religion on the scope and significance of these phenomena extremely difficult. Especially misleading is the identification of them with mystical experiences, as well as attempts to depreciate these types of experience that are alien to researchers. A possible solution is the introduction of a differentiated scale of religious experiences in which mystical experiences constitute their “climactic”, emotionally and cognitively most intensive form. Acknowledging Otto’s definition of sensus numinis, the content of the experience and its cognitive, motivational and physiological components become a problem. In this situation most promising is on the one hand the classical conception of Joachim Wach, which orders the discourse and proposes recognising research on religious experiences with one of the main disciplines of religious studies, and on the other Abraham Maslow’s concept of “peak experiences” and “plateau experiences”. Therefore, (1) religious experience is graded; (2) it is not exclusively the sense itself (sensus numinis), since it brings cognitive and volitional effects, (3) it need not have a personal character and (4) experiencing it usually leads to various, more or less successful attempts to express it, and this then happens by means of symbols and is organised in the form of myths.
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