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EN
The subject of the article is the asymmetry of gender in the Polish language, especially as far as the names of the prestigious professions and functions are concerned (i.e. feminatives). It also considers the function of the feminatives in both language and culture, as well as their modern use especially in ideological disputes. Short history of feminatives in Polish shows, that their presence is a natural way of filling in the lexical gaps related to development of society and changes of civilisation.
Poradnik Językowy
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2022
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vol. 791
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issue 2
64-80
EN
The text will define the expressive nature of lexemes from a new group of feminatives, the determinant of which is the suffi x -essa. The study is an attempt to record this group. The lexemes under examination will be subject to a wordformation analysis. The precise determination of the type of expressiveness of words will be facilitated by the results of a survey conducted among Polish language users. The paper will be concluded with a discussion on the possible future of lexemes with the formant -essa in Polish.
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2022
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vol. Special Issue
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issue 17
27-34
EN
The paper presents changes in the language that is used in the definition of minority groups, especially women, non binary and black people. It also analyzes the challenges faced in the translation of this literature and in that which is written in Polish. Drawing both on official sources, such as the expertise of the Polish Language Council of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and on the bottom-up language guides developed by people belonging to minority groups, the situations requiring negotiation and also the search for appropriate language (new grammar, pronouns, performativity of forms) is illustrated, indicating ways to minimize the inequalities linguistic hierarchy.
PL
Tekst porusza problem związków rodzaju gramatycznego oraz ewentualnego istnienia bądź nieistnienia związ ków asymetrii językowo-rodzajowej z myśleniem i organizacją życia społecznego. Powszechne przekonanie głosi, że język nie tylko opisuje, lecz także stwarza rzeczywistość. Brak symetrii rodzajowej prowadzić ma zatem do szeregu negatywnych zjawisk, które utrudniają kobietom udział w życiu publiczno-politycznym lub nawet je z niego wykluczają. Nie negując całkowicie prawdziwości tego poglądu, tekst pokazuje jed nak, że wpływ rodzaju gramatycznego i feminatywów na myślenie oraz na sytuację kobiet jest marginalny. Najpełniej przekonuje o tym porównanie z krajami arabskim oraz Iranem. Język arabski cechuje niemal idealna symetria rodzajowa, a w języku perskim brak rodzaju gramatycznego w ogóle – mimo to sytuacja kobiet w obu obszarach kultury arabsko-muzułmańskiej należy do najgorszych na całym świecie.
EN
The text addresses the problem of relationships between grammatical gender and the possible existence rela tion between gender-based linguistic asymmetry on the one side, and thinking and organization of social life on the other. It is commonly believed that language not only describes but also creates reality, and the lack of gender-based linguistic symmetry leads therefore to a number of negative phenomena that impede the position of women or even exclude them from participating in public and political life. Not dismissing this view entirely, the texts demonstrates that the influence of grammatical gender and the feminine equivalents on thinking and on the situation of women is marginal. The comparison with the Arab countries and Iran provides the most convincing evidence. Arabic is characterized by an almost ideal symmetry with regard to gender, and Persian has no grammatical gender at all. Despite this fact, the situation of women in both areas of the Arab-Muslim culture is one of the worst in the whole world.
EN
This investigation of Vanina Ivanova Sumrova is the first independent and complete study of a lexico-semantic group of neologisms in the Bulgarian language: the new terms denoting women that have appeared throughout the quarter century that has passed since 1989. The terms covered are more than 1.400; single-word terms as well as open or closed two-element compounds (of the type biznes sekretarka or bg mama), part of them until now unattested in studies or dictionaries. The terms are analysed from several points of view: morphology, semantics, stylistics, codification, sociolinguistics, social culturology, lexicography, and possibilities for future development; all contributing to the multifaceted character of the study.
PL
Recenzja dotyczy wydanej niedawno w Bułgarii książki Vaniny Sumrovej. Prowadzone przez autorkę badania są pierwszym niezależnym i kompletnym leksykalno-semantycznym zestawieniem grup neologizmów w języku bułgarskim, odnoszących się do nazw kobiet, ich działalności i ról społecznych. Są to głównie określenia, które pojawiły się w języku bułgarskim w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu, w sumie 1400 przykładów. Zgromadzony przez badaczkę materiał analizowany jest na kilku płaszczyznach: morfologicznej, semantycznej, stylistycznej, kodyfikacyjnej, socjolingwistycznej, kulturowej, społecznej, leksykograficznej i dotyczącej możliwości przyszłego rozwoju.
XX
The material basis of the paper are the names of Polish female associations from the 30s of the 20th century. The analysis involves components used to expose feminine qualities – general names (kobieta, pani, niewiasta – ‘woman, lady’), as well as detailed ones, which were categorised according to the information they contain. These are the elements of the world, which in addition to gender, constitute a basis for communality of the members: social and professional status, educational background, participation in military activities, social activity sphere, or common interests. The material presented in the paper shows that in the Second Polish Republic the need for exposing femininity and emphasising communality was very strong in the names of associations.
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