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EN
The subject of this article is an analysis of a fairy tale Andronice by Maria Komornicka. The main axis of interpretation is determined by the opposition between widespread in the nineteenthcenturyliterature femme fatale motif and the broadly defined problem of excess (transgression). Relevant interpretive context is strongly emphasized gnostic awareness in the tale, and entanglementbetween male and female styles of writing.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza baśni Andronice Marii Komornickiej. Główną oś interpretacyjną wyznacza opozycja pomiędzy rozpowszechnioną w literaturze XIX wieku kreacją femme fatale a szeroko pojętą problematyką przekroczenia (transgresji). Ważny kontekst interpretacyjny stanowi silnie zaakcentowana w utworze świadomość gnostycka oraz uwikłanie w tradycje męskiego i kobiecego pisarstwa.
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EN
The article is dedicated to a novel by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, originally published under the title Syrena [The Mermaid] in the Warsaw paper Gazeta Codzienna [The Everyday Daily] in 1859, then as a book under the title Piękna pani [The Beautiful Lady] in Lviv in 1871. The novel was appraised negatively by literary critics, mainly due to the role played in it by a strong demonic female figure threatening the male world, which for the reviewers was difficult to accept. Taking into account the contexts of Kraszewski’s other novels (e.g. the novel Orbeka, 1867) which presented the image of the femme fatale and feminocentric mythological themes, the article proposes a reading of this work as an open, ambiguous, controversial text, and thus one creatively recorded in the history of the 19th-century literature and criticism. The mermaid’s silence mentioned in the title becomes a metaphor for what is not said directly in the novel and what is connected to the experience of femininity – an experience that is disturbing, difficult, painful – the metaphor also translating into the Polish collective experience. 
PL
Artykuł dotyczy powieści Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego, opublikowanej pierwotnie pod tytułem Syrena w warszawskiej „Gazecie Codziennej” z 1859 roku, a następnie w wersji książkowej pod tytułem Piękna pani we Lwowie w 1871 roku. Powieść została negatywnie oceniona przez krytykę literacką, co miało związek przede wszystkim z trudną do zaakceptowania przez recenzentów rolą, jaką odgrywała w powieści silna, demoniczna postać kobieca zagrażająca światu męskiemu. Biorąc pod uwagę konteksty innych powieści Kraszewskiego (np. powieść Orbeka, 1867), prezentujących wizerunek femme fatale oraz feminocentryczne wątki mitologiczne, w artykule przedstawiono propozycję lektury tego utworu jako dzieła otwartego, wieloznacznego, wywołującego kontrowersje, a tym samym twórczo zapisanego w historii literatury i krytyki XIX wieku. Tytułowe milczenie syreny staje się metaforą tego, co w powieści nie zostało wypowiedziane wprost, a co wiąże się z doświadczeniem kobiecości – niepokojącym, trudnym, bolesnym, przekładającą się również na polskie doświadczenie zbiorowe.
EN
The aim of the article is to present images of women in Leo Lipski’s modern emigration prose (in the works Niespokojni [Anxious] and Piotruś [Peter]). These representations are analysed in the context of patterns distributed by patriarchal culture (femmes fatales), with particular emphasis on aesthetic conventions produced in early modernity. Lipski references conventional imagery of the misogynised male-centric discourse, encoding gender differences using stereotypical attributes and associations such as lunar and animalistic topics. On the other hand, however, in these novels there is a clear erosion of schematic imagery, created on the basis of misogynist discourse, the writer intercepts and inverts modernist clichés, creating from them a complex symbolic structure, the specificity of which in many respects differs from that of early modernist literature. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Lipski is not so much trying to restore the planes of the male-female understanding in his prose as he is questioning them, and instead proposes, as a (self)therapeutic form, the possibility of paradoxical fulfilment of love through the story, which problematises and reveals the reasons for the fiasco of feelings, as well as points to the crevices of authenticity opening up in the reality of the literary game, where the world of eroticism is an important element.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wizerunków kobiet w nowoczesnej prozie emigracyjnej Leo Lipskiego (w utworach Niespokojni, Piotruś). Reprezentacje te analizowane są w kontekście wzorców dystrybuowanych przez kulturę patriarchalną (femmes fatales), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem konwencji estetycznych wytworzonych we wczesnej nowoczesności. Lipski odwołuje się do konwencjonalnych wyobrażeń, jakie przyświecały zabarwionemu mizoginią dyskursowi męskocentrycznemu, koduje różnice płciowe przy użyciu stereotypowych atrybutów i skojarzeń, takich jak topika lunarna i animalistyczna. Z drugiej jednak strony w powieściach tych dochodzi do wyraźnej erozji schematycznych wyobrażeń, wytworzonych na gruncie dyskursu mizoginistycznego; pisarz przechwytuje i przenicowuje modernistyczne klisze, tworząc z nich skomplikowaną strukturę symboliczną, której specyfika pod wieloma względami odbiega od tej, jaka dominowała w literaturze wczesnego modernizmu. Analizy zmierzają do wniosku, że Lipski nie tyle próbuje w swojej prozie restytuować płaszczyzny porozumienia męsko-kobiecego, ile stawia je pod znakiem zapytania, a zamiast nich proponuje jako formę (auto)terapeutyczną możliwość paradoksalnego spełnienia miłosnego przez problematyzujące i odsłaniające przyczyny fiaska uczuć opowiadanie, które wskazuje także na szczeliny autentyzmu otwierające się w rzeczywistości literackiej gry, gdzie istotnym elementem jest świat erotyki.
PL
Książka Patrycji Włodek „Wszystko noir?”. O inspiracjach i wariantach – życie po życiu film noir (2022) jest analizą wybranych aspektów czarnego kryminału łączącą refleksję nad kinem klasycznym z omówieniem najnowszych dzieł gatunku. Autorka ogranicza perspektywę do kina amerykańskiego i szuka powtarzalnych tropów (np. femme fatale i homme fatale) oraz przykładów tematycznego i narracyjnego wykorzystania pojęcia gaslighting. Na szczególną uwagę zasługują rozważania autorki o filmie noir jako nurcie osadzonym w konkretnych przestrzeniach (np. rural-noir, Cal-noir) i podatnym na mariaż z innymi podgatunkami (stoner noir). Ograniczenie pola badań do kina amerykańskiego uniemożliwia jednak głębsze osadzenie filmu noir w kontekście globalnym. Włodek nie stawia przy tym pytania o przyczyny niesłabnącej popularności czarnych kryminałów i ich dzisiejszą funkcję kulturową oraz ideologiczną. Wartością pracy jest jednak odwołanie się do licznych dzieł spoza kanonu filmu noir.
EN
Patrycja Włodek’s book “Wszystko noir?”. O inspiracjach i wariantach – życie po życiu film noir [“Everything Noir?”: On Inspirations and Variants – Life after Life of Film Noir] (2022) is an analysis of selected figures and aspects of film noir, combining a reflection on classic cinema with a discussion of recent works in the genre. The author limits her perspective to American cinema and looks for recurring tropes (e.g., femme fatale and homme fatale), as well as examples of thematic and narrative use of the concept of gaslighting. Particularly noteworthy is the author’s consideration of film noir as a trend embedded in specific spaces (e.g., rural-noir, Cal-noir) and open to merge with other subgenres (stoner noir). However, limiting the field of study to American cinema prevents the analysis of film noir from being more deeply embedded in a global context. At the same time, the author does not question the enduring popularity of crime thrillers and the cultural and ideological function they serve today. The book’s value, however, is its reference to a rich array of works outside the film noir canon.
EN
From the perspective of feminist analysis, the painting is considered to be androcentric. It is believed that artworks were created by men, for men and from their point of view. One can even say that, men spoker through the bodies and identities of heroine images in the painting. From this point of view, painting has been accused not only of the lack of women as authors of works of art, but also of the lack of representations of the female experience. Logically, from this perspective, images of women on the canvas are often not simple reflection of reality, but they crystallize dreams, anxieties and feelings of their male artists. There is no doubt that theye are also imbued with ideologies concerning gender. Three images that will be examined in this paper were created in the Victorian era (the dates of their creation are: 1887, 1890, 1896). They all reflect anxieties about womanhood in the late nineteenth century, primarily manifested in the creation of a new image of a woman - the femme fatale. On the other hand the women as objects of the painting are treated as a sexual object for male creator and viewer. Every woman in the paintings could be described as "being out of control". There is a paradox here: the woman is simultanesly out of control and controlled by men. There is a worth to add that every painting has extremely sugestive impact on the viewer and amazing articstic value.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2021
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vol. 112
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issue 3
53-66
PL
Dwa poematy narracyjne, „Lucius” Eichendorffa (1857) i „Quidam” Norwida (1857, wyd. 1863), wykazują wiele cech wspólnych – różnic i podobieństw – pomimo braku bezpośrednich powiązań genetycznych. Zostały napisane przez poetów katolickich prawie jednocześnie, w okresie przenikania się różnych prądów literackich; należą do bogatego zbioru poematów epickich XIX wieku. Przedstawiają, choć każdy na swój sposób, dzieje kilku kobiet i mężczyzn antycznego świata, pozostających pod wrażeniem rozwijającego się chrześcijaństwa, a nawet nieświadomie ulegających jego wpływowi, nadto zaś oba utwory zawierają w opisach starożytnego Rzymu krytyczne komentarze odnoszące się do nowoczesnej europejskiej (w tym niemieckiej i polskiej) XIX-wiecznej rzeczywistości politycznej oraz społecznej.
EN
The two narrative long poems, Eichendorff’s “Lucius” (1857) and Norwid’s “Quidam” (written 1857, published 1863) present common traces—contrasts and similarities—without any direct genetic contact. Both were written by Catholic poets at almost the same time in a period of fluid literary currents, they belong to the large field of 19th century narrative poetry, they tell, each in its own way, the stories of some ancient world men and women impressed or unconsciously influenced by growing Christianity, and last but not least, their portrayal of ancient Rome contains critical commentaries on the then modern European (and also German or Polish) political and social realities.
EN
Eustachy Rylski’s story – A Little Girl from the Hotel ‘Excelsior’ – can be read as an example of psychological prose with a distinctive existential outline – as a literary study of alienation, aging and gradual loss of con- nections with life. There is a temptation to see in it a work that, in a di- screet way, refers to the outstanding achievements of Polish prose (such as Iwaszkiewicz’s Tatarak) and world prose (such as Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita, Thomas Mann’s Death in Venice, Truman Capote’s Miriam and even some works of Edgar Allan Poe). The specific artistic character of Rylski’s work is based on the processing of various ideas linked with the illusion of the femme fatale (including the Young Poland idea of the women-animal), nymphet figures and the ‘odd child’ and introduce them into the caricatured scenery of the Polish People’s Republic. In this broad intertextual context, one can see in Inte – this ‘beautiful temptress’ but also an ordinary ‘little whore’ – something more than a literary manifestation of misogyny, a con- temporary crisis of masculinity or a battle of the sexes...
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Od ofiary po sukuba. Wizerunek kobiety w kinie giallo

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EN
The presented article revolves around depictions of women protagonists in giallo films. The author starts with a brief introduction on the controversies connected with the directors’ comments and critique of the violence, nudity and the ways the fate of a woman is presented in giallo. Furthermore, the author describes how different types of women are presented in selected films. He emphasizes the influence of social changes of the 1960s and 1970s on the mentioned depictions. Firstly, he focuses on the “woman as a victim” motif; secondly, the author describes other archetypes, known as “a fighting woman”, “femme fatale” and “menades”. The article is concluded with a brief commentary on the artistic reinterpretations of traditional Western symbolism in the Italian giallo genre.
EN
Gómez Carrillo represents the period of the Hispanoamerican literature called modernism, that means the turn of the 20th century. He spent almost all his life out of Guatemala, especially in France and Spain, falling in love with the French capital, the symbol of everything new, shocking, and rare. He wrote a vast literary work, especially journalistic articles and chronicles (mainly from his travels to Europe and exotic countries), and also short novels Tres novelas inmorales / Three immoral novels, on which this article focuses. We consider them as an interesting portrait of the era called fin de siècle; under their provocative and indecent surface there are hidden the basic artistic questions of the moment: What is the value of art? Which role is the artist supposed to play in the modern world? And what distance is there between real love andmere lust?
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EN
The sphynx has been one of the most prominent motifs in human history over the past five thousand years albeit with various meanings and degrees of frequency. The aim of this study is to present an examination of the various forms of the sphynx in Czech poetry during the latter half of the 19th century, when it began to expand from Western European culture into other national literatures as an attractive motif at that time. The first appearances of the sphynx took place in Czech literature in romantic works during the 1840s, when under the influence of Orientalism it was part of a dream space in which it emerged in the role of a symbol of eternity. From the 1870s until the First World War we can trace divergent developments in the use of the sphynx motif inspired by the Western European cultural environment, in which the sphynx emerged on the one hand in connection with reflections of human history (Victor Hugo: The Legend of the Ages), while on the other hand from the end of the 1830s it was a prototype for the femme fatale (Heinrich Heine: Preface to the third edition of the Book of Songs). In the context of Czech literature we focus on the form of the sphynx in the works of Václav Bolemír Nebeský, František V. Kvapil, Jaroslav Vrchlický, Adolf Heyduk, Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic, Emanuel z Lešehrad, Karel Dostál- Lutinov and others.
EN
The article presents the beginnings of the hard-boiled novel and film noir, which date back to the 1920s and 1930s. Difficult economic and political conditions of that time gave rise to the  new genres in literature and cinematography. The classic novels by Raymond Chandler and DashiellHammett present a world, where crime goes unpunished and order can never be restored. An important role in novel narrative, enabling the authors to build such a vision, is played by the city, presented as a labyrinth that lures the main character in. A lonely detective fights against injustice and often falls for a femme fatale, who abuses him for her own purposes. The paper analyses the history, evolution and characteristics of the literary genre in order to showcase the impact of hard-boiled novels on film noir, as well as to outline the principles of “simple” art of hard-boiled novels and film noir.
PL
Historia powieści hard-boiled i filmu noir sięga lat dwudziestych i trzydziestych XX wieku. Trudne warunki ekonomiczne i polityczne tamtych czasów dały początek nowemu gatunkowi literatury i kinematografii. Klasyczne powieści przedstawiają świat, w którym zbrodnia pozostaje bezkarna, a porządek nigdy nie zostaje przywrócony. Miasto, przedstawione jako labirynt wciągający głównego bohatera, odgrywa ważną rolę w narracji. Samotny detektyw walczy z niesprawiedliwością i często zakochuje się w femme fatale, która wykorzystuje go do własnych celów. Artykuł analizuje historię i ewolucję owego gatunku literackiego oraz próbuje uchwycić prostą sztukę powieści hard-boiled i filmu noir.
EN
This article aims to show the relationship between the woman in the social context of nineteenth-century France and the female portrait presented in symbolist poetry. Allegiances between the philosophical influence of Schopenhauer and Baudelaire, the woman of the theatre as well as the femme fatale and the mermaid, her mythological prototype, are proven. The presented portrait is based on woman’s primal relationship with nature and with artificiality depending on the development in society; the main elements are the dependence of the woman on the man and their mutual manipulation.
EN
The article analyses Irena Krzywicka’s coverage of the so-called Gorgonowa case, in which a Yugoslavian citizen, Rita Gorgon, was accused of killing her teenage stepdaughter. The authors notice two seemingly dissonant practices in the analysed text: Krzywicka’s involvement in the fight for women’s rights is accompanied by taking away the accused’s voice. The feminist writer treats the case as a pretext for a critique of the bourgeoisie and its institutions, which she achieves by revealing and exaggerating the theatricality coupled with sadism present in the court proceedings. The strategy of exoticisation of Rita Gorgon, which affected her perception as a stranger, is also explored. In the emotionally charged description of the trial, there is surprisingly little space for the voice of the accused herself, who is not represented by Krzywicka, but merely presented. The pursuit of rehabilitation undertaken by Rita Gorgon’s daughter and granddaughter appears to be an attempt to symbolically return the voice to the accused and to recreate the “feminine continuum”.
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