This study concentrates on the analysis of social structure of medieval society and accordingly on the acquisition of knowledge (1) about their orderliness, (2) inner processes (3) and least partially their influence on the process of formation of West civilization. In the next sequence article deals with development medieval structure in the context Elias civilization’s theory as well as and closely knots on the inquiry of distinguished contemporary medievalists, mainly G. Duby, J. le Goff, A. Gurevič, F. Cardini, M. Bloch, etc. In addition, submitted study focuses on deeply understanding specific structure of medieval society through application binary and dichotomous approaches, theory of three orders, also theory of feudalization. In the end the research is attending on the phenomena of knighthood and the process of formation of the courtly society.
Artykuł omawia problemy związane z przyczynami pojawienia się i procesem kształtowania cesarstwa na Zachodzie, które pojawiło się w 800 r. po Chr., a także stosunek cesarza Karola względem papiestwa. Z uwzględnieniem kontekstów politycznego (problemy królestw i systemu feudalnego) oraz eklezjalnego (Sobór Nicejski II) omawiane są niezwykle istotne i ogólniejsze debaty historyków o koncepcjach monistycznej i dualistycznej określających relacje między papieżami i cesarzami.
EN
The article discusses the problems of determining the starting point of history of the Western Empire in 800 AC and Emperor Charlemagne position towards papacy. In the political (problems with kingship and feudal system) and ecclesiastical (Second Council of Nicaea) contexts are also present very important and more general debates of historians on monistic or dualistic conceptions which form interrelations between popes and emperors.
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