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Odwieczność - okiem przyrodnika czyli meandry filogenezy świata zwierząt

100%
Blaszak C.
Zeszyty Naukowe Centrum Badań im. Edyty Stein
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2016
|
issue 15
13-34
PL
In the present review, an attempt to define the animal kingdom against a background of other kingdoms in the domain of eukaryotic organisms is presented,showing the common features linking the animal kingdom with the kingdom of fungi.The animals were clearly separated from other kingdoms through two unique systemscharacteristic of them: nervous and muscular. The matter is complicated by the fact that in the four types of the animal kingdom (Porifera, Placozoa) the nervous and muscular systems are absent. Therefore, zoologists proposed the name Metazoa multicellularanimal – for the animal kingdom. The main problematic issues of monophyly based onselected phylogenetic groups and phyla are discussed. In addition to the phylogenetictree (based on monophyly) the punctuated equilibrium was established for four independentgroups: Porifera, Cnidaria, Protostomia, Deuterostomia. Finally, the position ofthe animal kingdom in the monophyletic point of view and against a background of all other organisms is presented.
2
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Stan biologiczny populacji ludzkich a przemiany środowiska społeczno-ekonomicznego

84%
Siniarska A., Wolański N.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2006
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vol. 4
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issue 1
17-41
EN
Adaptation of life to the environment occurs at two levels - that of an individual and that of a population. In the first step of the process of adaptation variability is produced. It provides necessary material for the second step - selection. Variability is generated during the phylogeny, from one generation to the next. However, variability can also be generated during individual ontogeny at least by protective mechanisms of instinctive behaviors of animals and conscious cultural human actions. Variability originates from point mutations and chromosomal aberrations occurring during transmission of genetic material from generation to generation and through activation, or deactivation, of genes that alters their expression. This variability determines phenotypic differences among individuals. Variability thus produced is subjected to selection because how a phenotype is formed determines its ability to survive and to produce offspring. In human populations, adaptation occurs via biological and via cultural processes. Humans with their culture - especially medicine and social care - protect lives of individuals who otherwise would have been eliminated by natural selection.Hereditary differences among various geographic groups of modern people occur with low frequency - just a fraction of a percentage point. From observations of phenotypes it can be concluded that both structural alterations in the DNA and differences in gene expression cause variations, the majority of genes are inactive at various stages of ontogeny, while various portions of the genotype become active at different times in the life of an individual.Environment influences variation in three ways: (1) by causing mutations or by altering gene expression and (2) by providing conditions for the formation of a phenotype coded by a particular genotype and (3) as a factor of selection, including occurrence of cultural behaviors modifying effects of natural selection. It seems that the main aim of future research in human ecology should be search for the answer to following questions: 1. Can gene expression be changed during ontogeny? 2. To what extent such changes can be inherited? 3. To what extent is there an increase in the occurrence of genes that do not allow survival without special care (genetic load), and 4. How will all this influence future of our species? 
3
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Über das verbotene Lachen

71%
Stillmark H.-C.
Transfer. Reception studies
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2020
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vol. 5
27-38
PL
Tematem eseju jest specyficzna sytuacja komunikacyjna powstała w wyniku wybuchu niedającego się stłumić śmiechu w zakazanych kontekstach. Doświadczenie z dzieciń-stwa stało się okazją do refleksji nad uwikłaniem komunikacyjnym zakazanego śmiechu. Jednocześnie podjęta została próba charakterystyki śmiechu jako specyficznego systemu znaków służących komunikacji oraz jako aktu czysto cielesnego.
EN
The essay explores the question of what happens in forbidden contexts when laughter cannot be suppressed. A childhood experience is the occasion to reflect on the communicative relations of forbidden laughter. Laughter is pointed out as a special communica-tive sign system and physical act.
DE
Der Essay geht der Frage nach, was passiert, wenn das Lachen in verbotenen Kon-texten sich nicht unterdrücken lässt. Ein Kindheitserleben ist der Anlass über die kommunikativen Verhältnisse des verbotenen Lachens nachzudenken. Es wird dabei auf das Lachen als ein besonderes kommunikatives Zeichensystem und körperliches Ereignis hingewiesen.
4
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Filogenetyczne uzasadnienie zjawiska rozumienia oraz wiedzy proceduralnej i deklaratywnej

67%
Urbaniak M.
Filozofia i nauka. Studia filozoficzne i interdyscyplinarne
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2016
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vol. 4
259-274
PL
W artykule uzasadniam funkcjonujący głównie w dziedzinie hermeneutyki fenomen rozumienia z pozycji naturalistycznie zorientowanej filozofii. Konsekwencją tej próby będzie naturalistyczne spojrzenie na zjawisko wiedzy oraz na pojęcie wiedzy funkcjonujące w tradycji analitycznej. Głównym celem pracy jest krytyczna analiza tezy mówiącej, że choć egzystencjał rozumienia jest źródłem zdolności wyjaśniania poprzez wiedzę teoretyczną i praktyczną, to zarówno zdolność wyjaśniania jak i umiejętność rozumienia stanowią struktury bytowo-poznawcze o podłożu filogenetycznym, które wyłoniły się w procesie ewolucji gatunków. Efektem rozważań jest teza, że deklaratywna wiedza-że oraz proceduralna wiedza-jak również posiadają swoje źródła w procesie filogenetycznym. Dalszym celem pracy jest próba doprecyzowania pojęcia wiedzy z perspektywy filozofii naturalistycznej jako alternatywy dla tradycyjnej koncepcji wiedzy przedstawionej w Platońskim Teajtecie.
EN
The article attempts to justify the phenomenon of comprehension—functioning generally in Heidegger’s and Gadamer’s hermeneutics—from the perspective of naturalistically oriented philosophy. As a consequence, a naturalistic perspective is proposed — presented by Dennett, Lorenz, Wuketits, Vollmer—on the phenomenon of knowledge and the notion of knowledge functioning in the analytic tradition. More precisely, the basic aim of this article is a critical analysis of the thesis saying that even though the way of being called “comprehension” is the source of explanation by theoretical and practical knowledge, the explanation and understanding capacities are onto-cognitive structures with a phylogenetic basis. These structures emerged in the process of evolution. As a result of above reflection there is thesis: declarative knowing-that and procedural knowing-how have also their sources in the phylogenetic process. This work also attempts to clarify the notion of knowledge from a naturalistic point of view, as an alternative to the conception of knowledge presented in Plato’s Theaetetus.
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