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EN
The story deals with application of two approaches to the evaluation on a specific example - a national corporation Budweiser Budvar. First, we are applying both a financial rating of the company through the financial analysis based on the concept of Mr. Synek and Mrs. Kislingerov´a. Then we use the calculation of economic added value offered by husbands Neumaier. Statements financial from the years 2003 to 2006 were used for the evaluation of the company. With the application of two different philosophies can get an idea of their use in practice, predicative the value and meaning.
EN
The development prospects of financial analysis are discussed in the context of organization forms as well as the subject, scope and methodical assumptions of finan-cial analysis in an enterprise. It has been shown that the development of market economy has created the need for elaboration of new methodological foundations or modification of the existing ones, also for other forms of organization than enter-prises, banks and insurers. In the case of enterprises financial analysis development prospects are today determined by the management of enterprise value, which re-quires strategic as well as operating financial analysis supplemented by an enter-prise's rating on the capital market.Other important factors defining future development of financial analysis in-clude accessibility of information and its level of detail. It has also been shown that it is possible to eliminate the divergence between the scope and subject of external and internal analysis, but only in large companies.
PL
Perspektywy rozwoju analizy finansowej odniesiono do form organizacji oraz przedmiotu, zakresu i założeń metodycznych analiz finansowych. Wykazano, że rozwój gospodarki rynkowej powoduje potrzebę wypracowania nowych założeń metodycz-nych lub modyfikację istniejących także dla innych form organizacji niż przedsię-biorstwa, banki i ubezpieczyciele. W przedsiębiorstwach perspektywy rozwoju ana-liz finansowych wyznaczają obecnie zarządzanie wartością przedsiębiorstwa, które wymaga oprócz operacyjnej, także strategicznej analizy finansowej w powiązaniu z oceną przedsiębiorstwa na rynku kapitałowym.Do istotnych czynników określających perspektywy rozwoju analiz finansowych zaliczono też dostępność i szczegółowość informacji. Wskazano również na możliwość likwidacji rozbieżności zakresu i przedmiotu analiz zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych, ale tylko w dużych spółkach.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present issues related to the reliable assessment of the financial health of companies applying creative and aggressive accounting. The first describes the essence of creative and aggressive accounting, and indicated the reasons why policy-makers decide on their use. Then discusses the accounting techniques which have a direct impact on the assessment of financial health.
EN
This article analyzes perception of quality as a factor of performance of companies operating in the tourism industry. The introduction defines business performance and quality with a focus on tourism companies. A synthesis of findings from empirical studies conducted abroad follows, and is focused on the determinants of performance of a company (success), including the quality management which emerged as one of the important factors, and so these findings justify the importance of quality management in business practice. The aim of this article is to find the perception of quality and emphasis on the quality management of tourism companies in the Czech Republic. To identify the specific characteristics of quality perception and management in this sector, comparative analysis of questionnaire results, and results of a financial analysis of companies from various sectors of the Czech economy, with emphasis on tourism, has been used. It has been proved that enterprises in the sectors surveyed perceive quality as the key factor in business performance; it was also empirically shown that companies with higher levels of service quality reach better values of financial indicators. Also it was found that although tourism companies perceive the service quality of as one of the key success factors, the level of its actual implementing is low. This is related to the fact that relatively good financial results can be achieved in this industry without adjustment of the maximum customer service. This fact is also confirmed by the findings that show that in comparison to companies in other sectors, tourism companies still perceive relationship between quality production and business performance as substandard.
EN
The aim of the article is to examine the financial situation and efficiency of producers on the basic agricultural markets (farms), through the prism of eight financial and economic indicators such as productivity of individual production factors, level of profitability and cost-efficiency of production. The considerations were conducted for farms specializing in the production of basic agricultural products, such as: cereals and oily, root crops (including potatoes and sugar beets), fruits, vegetables under cover, beef, pork, chicken, cow's milk, chicken eggs. On the other hand, the comparison of the financial results achieved with the Hellwig's development pattern method enabled to determine which types of farms were the most effective in the post-accession period. The research used data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. The results of the research proved that in the period after the accession to the EU (2004-2016), the financial situation and effectiveness of farms specializing in the production of poultry and eggs were in the best shape.
EN
Being solvent determines whether or not an enterprise exists in a market economy. A lack of solvency is therefore one reason businesses fail. In the economics literature, beside the notion of solvency there are also the ideas of financial liquidity and the ability to pay. Some authors identify these notions as being interchangeable, while others differentiate them, ascribing to them different essential ranges and a different character of mutual relation. This paper explains the meaning of these notions and also describes the mutual relations between them.
EN
The paper presents the monitoring of the financial condition of the company as an auxiliary tool, based on which you will be able to assess the financial situation of the company. The purpose of this article is to show the advantages and disadvantages of each analysis of the company as well as the present concepts for future studies.
EN
Tourism plays a significant role on national economies of many countries all over the world. It affects on the GDP of individual countries, their balance of payments, budget, inflation, etc. On the other hand tourism activities the regions and tourist resorts and improves the economic situations of households. However, the global tourism market is characterized by great variability and low predictability. The main purpose of this article is to present a summary of the financial analysis of tourism companies listed on the Stock Exchange in Warsaw. For this purpose, author uses selected operating ratios (with particular emphasis on profitability ratios).
EN
The paper deals with a method of financial analysis applied by bank institutions in the Czech Republic used for assessment of reliability and solvency of a client applying for a loan. Clients are scored by financial ratios of financial analysis and according to the total sum a letter ranged from A to G is assigned. Further, the paper assesses 81 engineering and 112 construction enterprises according to the above mentioned methodology. An evaluation of the development of reliability and solvency in both sectors is discussed as well.
EN
Research background: The problem of bankruptcy prediction models has been a current issue for decades, especially in the era of strong competition in markets and a constantly growing number of crises. If a company wants to prosper and compete successfully in a market environment, it should carry out a regular financial analysis of its activities, evaluate successes and failures, and use the results to make strategic decisions about the future development of the business. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to develop a model to reveal the un-healthy development of the enterprises in V4 countries, which is done by the multiple discriminant analysis. Methods: To conduct the research, we use the Amadeus database providing necessary financial and statistical data of almost 450,000 enterprises, covering the year 2015 and 2016, operating in the countries of the Visegrad group. Realizing the multiple discriminant analysis, the most significant predictor and the best discriminants of the corporate prosperity are identified, as well as the prediction models for both individual V4 countries and complex Visegrad model. Findings & Value added: The results of the research reveal that the prediction models use the combination of same financial ratios to predict the future financial development of a company. However, the most significant predictors are current assets to current liabilities ratio, net income to total assets ratio, ratio of non-current liabilities and current liabilities to total assets, cash and cash equivalents to total assets ratio and return of equity. All developed models have more than 80 % classification ability, which indicates that models are formed in accordance with the economic and financial situation of the V4 countries. The research results are important for companies themselves, but also for their business partners, suppliers and creditors to eliminate financial and other corporate risks related to the un-healthy or unfavorable financial situation of the company.
EN
A model of evaluation of company financial standing is presented in the article, based on the concept of aggregate synthetic measure. By calculating threshold values for the aggregate measure, statutory auditors gain a valuable tool to help determine the potential breach of company financial sustainability as well as evaluate company financial standing relative to other reporting periods. The main purpose of the author was to present a new conception of analysis company financial standing based on matrix measure. Theoretical and empirical methods are used in the paper. The theoretical part describes own model based on matrix measure. The empirical part shows the use of the model to analyze the financial condition of a stock exchange enterprise. Research methods concentrated on data and information collected from one company (case study), induction, deduction and literature analysis.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony modelowi oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa z zastosowaniem zagregowanego wskaźnika syntetycznego. Wyznaczając wartości krytyczne wskaźnika, można ocenić, czy badane przedsiębiorstwo jest zagrożone niewypłacalnością, czy też nie oraz czy kondycja finansowa jest lepsza lub gorsza w badanym okresie. Głównym celem autora było opracowanie nowej koncepcji oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa, bazującej na macierzy mierników. Artykuł składa się z części teoretycznej i empirycznej. W części teoretycznej opisano własny model, bazujący na macierzy mierników. W części empirycznej przedstawiono wykorzystanie modelu w ocenie kondycji finansowej jednej ze spółek akcyjnych. W artykule wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: analizę piśmiennictwa, indukcję, dedukcję i studium przypadku.
EN
Prospective financial analysis is a key decision tool in an enterprise. The traditional approach confronts the forecasted value of a financial category or a financial ratio with a requirement or a standard. Knowing that the particular category or the ratio meets the requirement or the standard is a kind of risk information, but realizing that the requirement or the standard is met with a particular probability level is a detailed image of risk. The aim of the paper is to indicate the possibility to increase the effectiveness of prospective financial analysis by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The biggest advantage of the presented approach (that is in fact the evolution of the traditional scenario approach to risk analysis) is that it delivers the detailed probability distributions of key financial categories and ratios. Shareholders accepting the results of prospective financial analysis with the Monte Carlo simulation should accept risk in a more conscious way than in the case of the traditional approach
EN
The authors of the study put forward a hypothesis that it is possible to extend the forecast period for the models of discriminant analysis used to assess the risk of enterprise bankruptcy, focusing on the components of these functions in the form of one-dimensional predictors, i.e. the indicators most frequently included in the discriminant functions developed in Poland. Early warning about the growing risk of bankruptcy would be very valuable for any company. The dataset was constructed from all enterprises in Poland that went bankrupt in the years 2007-2013, which was the end of the research project period. Out of the 4,750 business entities that went bankrupt at that time, 2,739 filed financial statements with commercial courts. The main objective was realized using dynamic assessment of the variability of selected one-dimensional predictors of bankruptcy for all of these enterprises. Assessment of the time variability of the indicators under analysis allows conclusions on the predictive possibilities associated with early warning against insolvency of business entities. The results constitute input to the discussion on determination of the longest prognostic horizon that can be adopted in the models of discriminant analysis used to assess the risk of enterprise bankruptcy. Most of them cover an annual forecasting horizon. Only a few authors have attempted to construct models based on data from the two, three, or even four years preceding bankruptcy. The study showed that the main symptoms of the growing risk of bankruptcy in most of the surveyed enterprises are visible much earlier than one year before bankruptcy. This provides an opportunity to correct the predictive models and more time to restructure the company, to prevent bankruptcy. Therefore, the authors of the study have assessed the possibility of extending this forecast period.
PL
Niniejsza praca jest refleksją nad adaptacją informacji sprawozdawczych, zwłaszcza bilansowych, oraz ich wpływu na szacowanie pozycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa. Badania literaturowe pokazują ewolucję polskiego prawa bilansowego, w efekcie sposób prezentacji informacji bilansowych. Nakreślają też wymogi informacyjne stawiane przez rentowność majątkową, kapitałową i metodę księgową wyceny przedsiębiorstw. Badania empiryczne z kolei potwierdzają wątpliwości autora, co do wpływu zmian prezentacji informacji bilansowych na szacowanie sytuacji finansowej jednostki gospodarczej.
EN
This article is a reflection upon the statement information, especially balance, and their impact on the estimate of the financial position of the company. The research literature portray the evolution of Polish balance law, in effect method of the presentation of balance information. They outline also the information requirements of the return on assets, equity capital and book value method. The empirical studies confirm the author's fears in support of the information presentations impact on the appraise of the financial situation of economic unit.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje problematykę związaną z analizą struktury rachunku zysków i strat przedsiębiorstw funkcjonujących w realiach polskiej gospodarki. W pierwszej części omówiono ogólną strukturę rachunku wyników, a także podstawowe wersje rachunku zysków i strat – porównawczą i kalkulacyjną. W drugiej części przedstawiono kluczowe wzory analizy poziomej i pionowej rachunków zysków i strat oraz zinterpretowano przedziały wynikające z zastosowania tych wzorów.
EN
The article presents issues related to the analysis of the structure of profit and loss account of enterprises operating in realities of Polish economy. The first part discusses the general structure of the income statement, as well as the basic versions of the profit and loss account – comparative and calculation versions. The second part presents the key models of horizontal and vertical analysis of profit and loss accounts, and interprets the ranges resulting from the application of these formulas.
EN
The value of a company on a market is connected to the theoretical or real value given by the share prices when a company is listed on the exchange. This price should be affected by the fundamental results the company is providing in reports to investors. In this paper it is shown that current ratio, cash conversion cycle and return on assets generally are not affecting the market price. There are only two exceptions where such relationships were found. Author concludes that Polish investors do not use fundamental analysis to make decisions or they interpret results incorrectly.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problemy związane z analizą płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstwa, dokonywaną na podstawie statycznych oraz dynamicznych wskaźników, jak równie innych powszechnie znanych mierników płynności finansowej. Taka analiza jest obciążona wieloma brakami. Z tego względu nie pozwala na rzetelną ocen wypłacalności przedsiębiorstwa. W związku z tym, zaprezentowano koncepcję zmodyfikowanego wskaźnika wypłacalności jako alternatyw dla tradycyjnie stosowanych wskaźników płynności finansowej. Zastosowanie zmodyfikowanego wskaźnika wypłacalności umożliwia precyzyjniejszą ocen zdolności przedsiębiorstwa do regulowania zobowiązań. Zwrócono równie uwag na kwestię sezonowości sprzedaży w ocenie płynności finansowej przedsiębiorstwa. W artykule wykorzystano przykład liczbowy, który obrazuje skale różnic w ocenie płynności finansowej, przeprowadzonej dziki zastosowaniu tradycyjnych wskaźników płynności finansowej oraz zmodyfikowanego wskaźnika wypłacalności.
EN
This paper investigates problems associated with financial liquidity analysis based on static and dynamic indicators, and other widely known measures of liquidity. Such analysis has many shortcomings and, consequently, does not allow for a reliable assessment of the solvency of a company. Therefore, the author presents the concept of modified liquidity ratio as an alternative to the traditionally used indicators of liquidity. The modified liquidity ratio makes it possible to perform a more precise assessment of a company's capacity to settle its liabilities. The author also pays attention to the issue of seasonality in the evaluation of financial liquidity. This paper provides a numerical example to illustrate the differences in the assessment of liquidity conducted using traditional indicators of liquidity and the modified liquidity ratio.
PL
Wskaźniki analizy ekonomicznej są powszechnie wykorzystywane do oceny poziomu kondycji finansowej podmiotów gospodarczych. Do podstawowych zadań analizy wskaźnikowej należy identyfikacja tych procesów gospodarczych zachodzących w przedsiębiorstwach, które w istotny sposób wpływają na poziom jego kondycji finansowej. W związku z powyższym analiza finansowa opierająca się jedynie na danych o charakterze memoriałowym nie jest w stanie dostarczyć wymaganych informacji. Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych gotówkowych wskaźników finansowych oraz wskazanie ich znaczenia dla diagnozy rzeczywistego poziomu kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa na przykładzie spółki Hydrobudowa S.A.
EN
The most common indicators presented in the literature usually focus only on balance sheets and income statements - elements of the financial statements based on the accrual basis of accounting. The statement of cash flows complements the balance sheet and income statement by providing additional information concerning an organization's ability to maximize the value of its equity. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of selected cash flow ratios and an indication of their importance for proper diagnosis level of financial condition
PL
W wyniku transformacji systemu ochrony zdrowia placówki medyczne przekształcone zostały w samodzielne jednostki, których funkcjonowanie oparte jest na rachunku ekonomicznym, czyli stały się podmiotami gry rynkowej. Publiczna służba zdrowia często przegrywa z prywatną. Lecznice są generalnie źle zarządzane i często zadłużone. Do tego z roku na rok pieniędzy jest w budżecie coraz mniej. Dyrektorzy często stoją przed dylematem: czy leczyć pacjentów i dalej się zadłużać, czy odmawiać leczenia i odsyłać ich do innych placówek. W ostatnim okresie obserwujemy, że większość publicznych podmiotów ma kłopoty finansowe. Równocześnie bardzo dynamicznie rozwija się sektor niepublicznych zakładów opieki zdrowotnej. Celem pracy jest ocena funkcjonowania placówek służby zdrowia poprzez przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej sytuacji finansowej dwóch zakładów opieki medycznej – jednego podmiotu publicznego i jednego podmiotu niepublicznego. Jest to analiza typu case-study, w której wykorzystano sprawozdania finansowe badanych podmiotów
EN
As you know, as a result of the transformation of the health system medical centers have been transformed into independent units whose functioning is based on economic calculation, that is, become actors of the market game . Public health services often losing out to private. Clinics are generally poorly managed, they are often in debt. For this year the money is in the budget less and less. Directors often face a dilemma: refer patients or further into debt. In the recent period we observe that most public units have financial problems. At the same time develops non-public sector of health care. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the financial situation of 2 medical care institutions – 1 public entity and 1 non-public entity. This is the analysis of the case- study , which uses the financial statements of companies surveyed.
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