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1

Ufinansowienie gospodarki i finansowy wzrost wartości

100%
Franc-Dąbrowska J.
Ekonomista
|
2018
|
issue 6
701-718
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę ufinansowienia gospodarki oraz powiązania tego procesu ze wzrostem wartości. Przedstawiona została istota i historia finansjalizacji. Następnie zostały podjęte rozważania nad powiązaniem między ufinansowieniem gospodarki a przyczynami i skutkami kryzysu finansowego, w tym wady i zalety finansjalizacji. Trzecim elementem rozważań była kwestia powiązania operacji finansowych ze sferą realną gospodarki. Następnie zaproponowano rozpatrywanie działalności finansowej generującej dodatkową wartość na dwie sfery: pierwszą, którą można uznać za wynikającą z procesów ewolucji finansów (którą umownie nazwano „financial evolution”), i drugą, którą uznano za skutek „ciemnej strony finansów”, a która wynika z oszustw i nadużyć finansowych (którą umownie nazwano „financial fraud”). Ostatecznie zaproponowano model obiegu pieniądza w gospodarce z uwzględnieniem zjawiska finansjalizacji.
EN
The article discusses the issue of financialization the economy and the connection between this process and the increase of value. The essence and history of finance are presented. Subsequently, consideration was given to the link between the financialization of the economy and the causes and effects of the financial crisis, including the pros and cons of financialization. The third element of the discussion was the connection of financial operations to the real economy. It was proposed to consider financial activity generating additional value in two areas: the first to be considered as a result of evolutionary processes (which was termed “financial evolution”) and the second one which was considered as a result of the “dark side of finance” and which resulted from fraudulent activities (which was termed “financial fraud”). Finally, a model of money circulation in the economy was proposed, taking into account the phenomenon of financialization.
RU
Статья посвящена проблематике финансиализации экономики и увязке этого процесса с ростом стоимости. Представлена суть и история финансиализации. Затем автор анализирует связь между финансиализацией экономики и причинами и последствиями финансового кризиса, в том числе достоинства и недостатки финансиализации. Третьим элементом анализа был вопрос увязки финансовых операций с реальной сферой экономики. Затем автор предложил рассмотреть финансовую деятельность, генерирующую добавленную стоимость, в разбивке на две сферы: первую, которую можно вывести из процессов эволюции финансов (условно названную «financial evolution») и вторую, вытекающую из «темной стороны финансов» и проявляющуюся в форме мошенничества и финансовых афер (условно названную «financial fraud»). В заключение автор предложил модель оборота денег в экономике с учетом явления финансиализации.
2
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Assessing the maturity of the current global system for combating financial and cyber fraud

100%
Kuzmenko O., Yarovenko H., Perkhun L.
Statistics in Transition new series
|
2023
|
vol. 24
|
issue 1
229-258
EN
The purpose of the article is to assess the maturity of systems for counteracting financial and cyber fraud with the view of their future integration at global-level. The calculations made by the authors were based on indicators for 76 countries, which characterized each country's level of cybersecurity and its ability to combat financial fraud in 2018. After optimising the input data and selecting relevant indicators, the authors built an integrated cybersecurity index using the Sundarovsky convolution method. Sigma-limited parameterisation and Pareto-optimisation were then used to identify the determinants of the ability to counter financial and cyber fraud, which were used as predictors. Nonlinear regression was applied to determine the dependency of the integrated cybersecurity index on the government efficiency index, the ease of doing business and on the crime indices. On this basis, the authors conducted a bifurcation analysis of the maturity of current global system for combating financial and cyber fraud and produced its phase portraits. It was found to be mature (“Government Efficiency Index – Ease of Doing Business” and “Ease of Doing Business – Crime Index”) and insufficient mature (“Government Efficiency Index – Crime Index”), with the components' imbalance indicating high system's sensitivity to react on changes. The constructed 'Equilibrium States' phase portraits showed non-equilibrium phase portraits of the 'saddle' type. The obtained results made it possible to identify determinants of a global integrated system's instability to combat financial and cyber fraud.
3
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Ethical Standards in the Process of Counteracting Financial Abuse with Regard to EU Budget Funds. The Case of Poland

100%
Walenia A.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 2
73-86
EN
In accordance with the binding regulations of the EU law, each institution participating in the EU funds management process has in place relevant procedures preventing fraud and corruption and discouraging people from taking such actions. Managing institutions that work in cooperation with organisations which participate in the implementation of EU funds ensures the operation of an effective fraud risk management system and the implementation of effective anti‑fraud means which are designed to protect the financial interests of the European Union. The ethical norms and principles implemented in institutions which coordinate the process of EU funds management are of great importance for the process of reducing fraud related to EU funds. It was confirmed with the results of research carried out that clearly defined standards of employee conduct and determining procedures in the management and control system were the most important factors mitigating the irregularities. A special place was reserved for complying with the norms of ethical conduct and honesty by the employees of institutions managing the EU funds and development of a Code of Ethics which describes the conduct of the employees of institutions participating in the EU funds management process. The anti‑fraud procedures presented herein stem from EU law and are applicable in Poland.
4
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Application of selected data mining techniques in unintentional accounting error detection

75%
Papík M., Papíková L.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
|
2021
|
vol. 16
|
issue 1
185-201
EN
Research background: Even though unintentional accounting errors leading to financial restatements look like less serious distortion of publicly available information, it has been shown that financial restatements impacts on financial markets are similar to intentional fraudulent activities. Unintentional accounting errors leading to financial restatements then affect value of company shares in the short run which negatively impacts all shareholders. Purpose of the article: The aim of this manuscript is to predict unintentional accounting errors leading to financial restatements based on information from financial statements of companies. The manuscript analysis if financial statements include sufficient information which would allow detection of unintentional accounting errors. Methods: Method of classification and regression trees (decision tree) and random forest have been used in this manuscript to fulfill the aim of this manuscript. Data sample has consisted of 400 items from financial statements of 80 selected international companies. The results of developed prediction models have been compared and explained based on their accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F1 score. Statistical relationship among variables has been tested by correlation analysis. Differences between the group of companies with and without unintentional accounting error have been tested by means of Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences among the models have been tested by Levene and T-tests. Findings & value added: The results of the analysis have provided evidence that it is possible to detect unintentional accounting errors with high levels of accuracy based on financial ratios (rather than the Beneish variables) and by application of random forest method (rather than classification and regression tree method).
5
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Piramidy finansowe – pojęcie i modele funkcjonowania

71%
Bojarski L.
Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie
|
2020
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vol. 54
|
issue 1
91-97
EN
The progressive development of financial markets contributes to the emergence of economic operators which, by offering substantial returns, encourage potential investors who are not fully aware of the risks associated with a particular financial investment. As a result, there are more and more entities whose activities can be described as pyramid schemes. The aim of this article is to present the key features of pyramid schemes in the context of their models and the bases of their functioning. The analysis of the pyramid schemes in Poland indicates that these entities have similar features and models of operation enabling them to attract as many investors as possible. In most cases they offer a high return on investment with a relatively or very low investment risk. Their offer is based on unsecured investments and complex or unclear investment strategies.
PL
Postępujący rozwój rynków finansowych przyczynia się do powstawania podmiotów gospodarczych, które oferując osiągnięcie znaczących zysków, zachęcają potencjalnych inwestorów nieposiadających pełnej świadomości ryzyka związanego z daną inwestycją finansową. W konsekwencji pojawia się coraz więcej podmiotów, których działalność można określić jako piramidy finansowe. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie kluczowych cech piramid finansowych w kontekście modeli i podstaw ich funkcjonowania. Analiza piramid finansowych w Polsce wskazuje, że podmioty te mają podobne cechy i modele działania umożliwiające im pozyskanie jak największej liczby inwestorów. W większości przypadków oferują one wysoki zwrot z inwestycji przy stosunkowo lub bardzo niskim ryzyku inwestycyjnym. Ich oferta jest oparta o niezabezpieczone inwestycje oraz skomplikowane lub niejasne strategie inwestycyjne.
6
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Conclusions for Poland in View of the Special Report of the European Court of Auditors Concerning Fighting Financial Fraud in Spending EU Funds

63%
Ruśkowski E., Chociej A. P.
Problemy Zarządzania
|
2019
|
issue 3/2019 (83)
105-118
PL
Jednym z kluczowych celów sprawozdania specjalnego 01/2019 European Court of Auditors (ECA) w sprawie zwalczania nadużyć finansowych w wydatkowaniu środków UE jest poprawa korelacji między prawem europejskim i prawem wewnętrznym państw członkowskich oraz lepsza współpraca władz unijnych i państw członkowskich w jego realizacji. Po przedstawieniu podstawowych regulacji prawa europejskiego w zakresie zwalczania nadużyć finansowych w wydatkowaniu środków UE zaprezentowano ocenę działań organów UE (zwłaszcza Komisji) oraz propozycję zaleceń sformułowanych przez ECA. Zróżnicowaną sytuację w zakresie zwalczania nadużyć finansowych w wydatkowaniu środków UE w poszczególnych państwach członkowskich przedstawia przykład Polski. JEL: K33, E60 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.
EN
One of the essentials aims of the ECA’s special report on fighting fraud in spending EU funds is improving the correlation between the European Union law and national legal systems of Member States and developing cooperation of EU authorities with Member States in its implementation. The first part of the article describes the basic regulations of the EU law on fighting against financial fraud in spending EU budget funds. In the second part, the assessment of operations of the EU bodies (especially the European Commission) and suggested recommendations are presented. The example of Poland describes a diversified situation in the matters of fighting financial fraud in the EU spending in particular Member States. JEL: K33, E60 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.
7
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Przestępczość w zakresie podatku VAT i oszustwa finansowe zagrożeniem dla systemu bezpieczeństwa państwa polskiego

51%
Bełdzikowski R.
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
|
2015
|
issue 4
25-40
PL
Artykuł omawia zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa państwa powodowane przestępczością w zakresie podatku VAT oraz oszustwami finansowymi, giełdowymi i praktykami parabankowymi. W 1993 r. w Polsce wprowadzono do systemu prawa i obrotu gospodarczego zobowiązanie w postaci podatku od towarów i usług (VAT). W tych latach oszustwa w zakresie podatku VAT polegały na sprzedaży towarów lub usług bez ich księgowania i niepłacenia należnego podatku. Po przyjęciu Polski do UE (2004 r.) i otwarciu granic (Konwencja Schengen) rozwinęła się zorganizowana przestępczość specjalizująca się w wykorzystywaniu mechanizmów podatków VAT i kreowaniu fikcyjnego obrotu towarowego (usług) z partnerami w innych państwach UE. Ta patologia przestępcza jest oparta na „karuzelowej” sieci podmiotów VAT. Czynności kontrolne prowadzone przez inspektorów Urzędów Kontroli Skarbowej w 2014 r. zakończyły się wystawieniem podmiotom gospodarczym decyzji wymiarowych z tytułu stwierdzonych oszustw w zakresie podatku VAT na sumę ponad 9 mld zł. Kolejne ekipy rządowe i środowiska parlamentarne nie doprowadziły do zdecydowanego ograniczenia tej finansowej i podatkowej patologii. Potrzebne są zmiany systemowe mające na celu bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne państwa w obszarze bezpieczeństwa finansowego, socjalnego.
EN
The article underlines the threat to state security caused by criminal activity in the field of value added tax, financial fraud market abuses and also practices of false banking. VAT was introduced into the Polish legal system in 1993. It also creates criminal activities based on nontaxed sales. In 2004, when Poland joined the EU and Schengen agreement a new kind of activity within this field was observed. Generally, it has developed into organized crime specializing in the use of mechanisms of VAT and the creation of a fictitious trade of goods (services) with partners in other EU countries to obtain the VAT refund. This activity is based on a carousel scheme which includes “false invoices” and companies whose professional activity is limited to the criminal activity. Based on such modus opreandi billions of zloty are caged from the state budget. Tax audits carried out by tax authorities revealed only in 2014 a tax fraud for more than 9 billion zloty. It is also necessary to underline that all Polish governments failed to reduce the fraud activity and pathology in taxation. Despite many structural changes/reforms in tax administration, custom service and police, no progress in fighting tax frauds has been achieved. Current situation creates serious threats to the internal security of the country.
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