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EN
In recent years, the idea of non-financial information has been gaining more and more popularity. Its meaning in the decision-making process has been underlined by the European Parliament. To provide users of financial statements with access to the non-financial data, Directive 2014/95/UE was proposed to be implemented into national legislation systems. The aim of the paper is to examine whether the changes in the accounting law would result in reduction of information loopholes of reports recipients' and could increase the quality and comparability of statements published by the companies. Research methods applied in the article include critical analysis of the literature and legal acts and a comparative analysis of the survey results.
EN
The business model is a new subject in accounting research. It results from a variety of factors occurring in a business environment, but also from the impact of behavioral factors influencing the decision-making process of an individual. Research goal: to identify the scope of disclosures about the business model in financial statements and the impact of behavioral factors on reporting on the business model. Research conclusions: The scope of disclosures about the business model in financial reports, their structure and presentation are significantly diversified. It makes it difficult to identify behavioral factors in this area. There is also lack of disclosures on the impact of business model on accepted accounting solutions in entities.
EN
Quality of financial reporting is the precondition for the effective functioning of capital market due to the globalization of business. In the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, during the period of socialism, accounting and preparation of annual accounts was adapted for needs of planned economy. Today, it is necessary to work on harmonization national with international legislation. Also, they need to promote a culture of financial reporting, because economic entities do not understand the essential role and importance of financial reporting for business potential. In this paper, we consider Slovenia’s, Macedonia’s and Serbia’s normative framework of financial reporting system, in order to give the assessment of the current situation and pointed out the possible directions of improvement of this process. The comparative analysis of legal and professional solutions, which regulates financal reporting system in these countries, we learned some inconsistencies of their legislation in relation to international regulations, especially in the part of financial reporting for small and micro entreprises. In Serbia and Macedonia, perceived insufficient engagement of of professional organizations and bodies, which requires the reaction of the country in terms of defining and monitoring the implementation of regulations governing the conditions and responsibility for performing accounting and auditing work. This would allow business entities to access financial sources under favourable terms, raising their competitive advantages to quality financial information within financial reports, as well as further development of entrepreneurial activity, which is the generator of the most developed economies in the world.
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EN
The process of improving financial reporting plays an extremely vital role in today’s fast changing reality. The aim of the present article is to explore the essence and dilemmas associated with the concept of narrative reporting. Adopting such perspective requires selecting adequate research method, which, in this case, is the critical descriptive analysis. The fundament for present considerations will be the study of the essence of accounting and corporate financial reporting. Further analysis will focus on the factors determining the contemporary shape of these two concepts. The consecutive part of the article is devoted to the notion of narrative reporting, with particular attention given to its most advanced form, that is integrated reporting. The final part of the text highlights the strengths as well as critical voices regarding narrative reporting and shows the conclusions that can be drawn from the application of such analytic approach.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja modeli finansowego benchmarkingu konkurencyjnego stosowanych przez jednostki gospodarcze w Polsce. Jako metody badawcze zastosowano przegląd treści artykułów naukowych i własne badania ankietowe przeprowadzone wśród 469 przedsiębiorstw. Wykorzystanie benchmarkingu badano w odniesieniu do bliższego i dalszego otoczenia konkurencyjnego. Badanie wykazało, że pomimo dostępności danych ze sprawozdań finansowych tylko 21–25% badanych przedsiębiorstw wykorzystuje je w benchmarkingu konkurencyjnym. Są to głównie przedsiębiorstwa duże, produkcyjne, działające na rynkach wysoce konkurencyjnych. W artykule zaprezentowano częstotliwość i zakres prowadzonych porównań. Opisano praktyki charakterystyczne dla przedsiębiorstw różnej wielkości i profilu działalności identyfikując luki w kluczowych etapach benchamarkingu finansowego i ich konsekwencje. Kwestie te nie były dotychczas przedmiotem szczegółowych badań. Z analizy wynika, że jednostki różnią się istotnie w podejściu do procesu benchmarkingu. Około jedna czwarta z nich uwzględnia w swoim modelu tylko pomiar i porównanie wyników z otoczeniem. Przedsiębiorstwa małe stosują raczej model benchmarkingu finansowego oparty na pasywnym podejściu, pozostałe przedsiębiorstwa stosują głównie modele oparte na podejściu interaktywnym.
EN
The article attempts to identify models of competitive financial benchmarking applied by economic entities in Poland. An overview of scientific papers concerning the subject matter and the results of own research conducted among 469 enterprises were the research methods used. The concept of benchmarking was examined in relation to entities operating in close and distant competitive environments. The research has shown that despite the accessibility of data from financial reports, only 21-25% of examined enterprises use them in competitive benchmarking. These are primarily big companies, operating on highly competitive markets. The article presents the frequency and scope of conducted comparisons. It also contains a description of practices that are characteristic of firms of various sizes and operational profiles, with special emphasis on identifying gaps occurring in the key stages of financial benchmarking and their consequences. These issues had not previously been subject to a detailed examination. According to the analysis, the approaches to the benchmarking process differ significantly among the enterprises. Approximately one quarter of the firms consider in their models only measurement and comparison of results with the environment. Small companies use a passive approach to financial benchmarking, while other companies mostly apply interactive models.
EN
The article presents the results of research aiming at the identification of financial determinants of the dividend policy of companies. The analysis covered financial reports of companies quoted on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2002–2013. The study focused on the relations between the amounts of the paid-out dividend and the share of the dividend in the profit to be distributed on one hand, and the selected financial parameters describing the company’s operations in the year for which the dividend was paid-out and in the year of the dividend payout. The results of the study were confronted with the theory and conclusions from research carried out in other research centres.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań mających na celu określenie uwarunkowań finansowych polityki dywidendowej firm. Analizie poddano sprawozdania finansowe spółek notowanych na GPW w latach 2002–2013. Badanie z jednej strony koncentruje się na związku między kwotami wypłaconych dywidend i udziałem dywidendy w zysku do podziału, a z drugiej na wybranych parametrach finansowych opisujących działalność firmy w roku, dla którego dywidenda została wypłacona i w roku wypłaty dywidendy. Wyniki badań zostały skonfrontowane z teorią i wnioskami z badań prowadzonych w innych ośrodkach badawczych.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy analizy oraz oceny kondycji finansowej przedsiębiorstw. Osiem metod dyskryminacyjnych poddano weryfikacji pod względem ich skuteczności prognostycznej na próbie danych pochodzących z okresu trzech lat działalności 50 przedsiębiorstw, które w ostatnim okresie działalności wykazywały stratę netto. Zgodnie z zasadą obiektywizmu wśród badanej próby znalazły się przedsiębiorstwa z różnych branż, o różnym profilu działania oraz różnej wielkości posiadanych aktywów i wykazywanych obrotów w analizowanym okresie. Wszystko po to, by uniknąć jednoznacznych wyników badań faworyzujących dany model. Przedstawione wyniki uporządkowano według wiarygodności prognostycznej, a metody dyskryminacyjne poddane badaniu należą do najczęściej wykorzystywanych przez badaczy związanych z dziedziną analizy finansowej. Otrzymane wyniki skonfrontowano z syntetyczną metodą klasyfikującą badane jednostki na tle rynkowej konkurencji. Wartości płynące z modeli dyskryminacyjnych są bardzo zróżnicowane. Dlatego jako weryfikator zaprezentowano wyniki badań z analizowanego okresu przy wykorzystaniu punktowej metody oceny ryzyka bankowego zaproponowanej przez Artura Hołdę. Pozwala ona na określenie miejsca badanego przedsiębiorstwa w danej branży. Konfrontacja otrzymanych wyników płynących z modeli dyskryminacyjnych oraz metody bankowej stanowi swoiste podsumowanie artykułu oraz ocenę wiarygodności przedstawionych modeli.
EN
The article treats about the analysis and assessment of the financial condition of enterprises. Eight discriminatory methods were verified in terms of their predictive efficacy data from a sample of 50 companies from the period of 3 years of activity, which recently showed a net loss for the business. In accordance with the principle of objectivity, of the sample included companies from various industries, profile, action and different sizes of owned assets and reported turnover during the period. The results presented in order of predictive credibility and discriminatory methods tested are the most commonly used by researchers associated with the field of financial analysis. The results were confronted with a synthetic method classifying analyzed data against market competition. The value of the discriminatory models are very diverse. Therefore, as a verifier the Points of Banking Risk Assessment Methods proposed by Arthur Hołda were presented. The confrontation of the results obtained with the models and methods of discriminatory banking provides a summary of the article and an assessment of the reliability of the presented models.
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