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EN
The Treaty of Amsterdam introduced the provisions concerning the establishment o f enhanced cooperation in the European Union that were not been applied for over a decade after its signing. The first time it happened was in 2010. The EU Council made a decision to establish such a form o f cooperation on two more occasions - most recently in 2013, on a financial transaction tax (FTT). In this way, the enhanced cooperation has become a permanent and increasingly important form of cooperation within the EU, helping to deepen the diversity of integration in the Union. The paper aims to show the importance of the development of enhanced cooperation, including in particular the subsequent decision to implement enhanced cooperation in the area of FTT, for the functioning of the EU. To outline the context of this problem, the legal basis for enhanced cooperation contained in the Treaties and the examples of integration diversity before 2010 are synthetically indicated; the actions and decisions taken by the states and the EU institutions in connection with the economic crisis, which also affected the diversity of integration in the EU, are listed; and the two first cases of enhanced cooperation are briefly described. The most important conclusions are contained in the final part of the study.
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Financial Transaction Tax

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EN
This paper deals with the financial transaction tax in the European Union. While it is currently a matter of enhanced cooperation between several Member States regulated only at the national level, it is considered to be a potentially good source of the EU’s own resources. The negotiations about its implementation on the EU recently begun again as there is need to search for funds for the economic recovery after the coronavirus pandemic. The author works with the hypothesis that if the taxation of financial transactions and the financial sector as such is beneficial, harmonization within the free market of the European Union is necessary. From scientific methods, it will mainly use the analysis of proposals for a new system of taxation of financial transactions to confirm or refute it. In order to be able to put the issue into a suitable context, the method of interpretation will also be used, especially in the first chapter dealing with the issue of sectoral taxation. With regard to the problematic nature of the examined type of tax, a comparison will be made in several parts - while examining the current state and possible developments in the future. The professional literature does not yet deal with this topic, so it will be used rather in support of other sources, such as legislative documents of national and community institutions, and press releases. In addition to processing the above hypothesis by the proposed methods, the aim of this work is also to provide an overview of the current state of affairs both at the level of the European Union and within the Czech Republic. Sectoral taxation is by its nature a political issue, so there is room for controversy about its suitability, effectiveness, and impact on society.
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2014
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vol. 1
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issue 299
EN
The last financial crisis, the role of financial institution in this process and the big scale of public aid to the financial institutions have contributed to the intensification in work on the financial transaction tax in the European Union. The plan to involve the financial sector in bearing crisis costs and to prevent such crises in future deserves to be supported.The aim of this paper is to assess the fiscal function of the financial transaction tax. The analysis indicates that the financial transaction tax fulfils its fiscal purpose but fails to achieve its steering function, namely to deter financial institutions from enacting risky business transactions and thus to prevent future crises and will not necessarily increase stability in the financial markets. Financial transaction tax increases the capital costs for companies from participating Member States.
EN
Research background: There are various forms of fiscal taxation of the financial assets. In recent times, the discussion about financial transaction tax in the EU is associated with finding the solution to problems due to great financial crisis. The European Commission has made some efforts to strengthen capital regulation and it has adopted the Directive about implementing enhanced cooperation in the field of financial transaction tax, where it analyzed options and impacts of FTT according to those countries which have already implemented similar transaction taxes in their national legislatives. Purpose of the article: Our aim is to find out the economic relationship between FTT and economic growth and to analyze the effect of FTT within selected EU countries. Methods: In this paper, we will analyze the banking environment in the EU area, and we emphasize the correlation between tax policy and economic growth. We will test FTT through three-way mixed-effects ANOVA, and analyze three Member states, Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which have very active attitude to implementation of FTT within other EU countries. Findings & Value added: We are interested in: (1) testing the relationship between the financial transaction tax (FTT) and economic growth (GDP); and (2) to verify the hypothesis that FTT could improve GDP growth in a country. We assume that if a country has adopted FTT in its tax system, then it will lead to a significant GDP growth, and so it could lead to financial market improvement after the crisis. Our results have shown that an increase in FTT volume would lead only to a negligible increase in the economic growth.
PL
W 2011 roku Komisja Europejska przedstawiła propozycję podatku od transakcji finansowych. Koncepcja ta miała na celu harmonizację regulacji krajowych w dziedzinie opodatkowania sektora finansowego, ściągnięcie dochodów, które zrekompensowałyby koszty kryzysu finansowego lat 2008-2009 oraz wprowadzenie środka zniechęcającego do zawierania niektórych transakcji finansowych o wysokim ryzyku. W artykule dokonano przeglądu argumentów zwolenników i przeciwników projektu Komisji oraz jego potencjalnych skutków. Podzielany jest powszechnie pogląd, że podatek będzie miał negatywny wpływ na PKB i poziom zatrudnienia, że zwiększy koszty transakcji finansowych, będzie negatywnie wpływał na emisję papierów dłużnych, zarówno publicznych jak i korporacyjnych. Wyrażono ponadto poważne zastrzeżenia, co do skuteczności podatku finansowego, jako narzędzia przeciwdziałającego spekulacyjnym transakcjom finansowym. Chociaż państwa członkowskie uznały, że porozumienie w tej sprawie w ramach całej Unii Europejskiej nie jest możliwe, jedenaście państw zadeklarowało zainteresowanie jego wdrożeniem w formule wzmocnionej współpracy. W 2013 roku Komisja przedstawiła dostosowaną do tej formuły wersję projektu dla jedenastu państw. Jej cele i zakres były takie same jak w wersji pierwotnej dla całej UE. Dotychczas jednak Rada nie uzgodniła wspólnego tekstu satysfakcjonującego wszystkich zainteresowanych (w międzyczasie liczba uczestników zmalała do dziesięciu). Przedłużające się negocjacje oraz jednostronne wdrożenie podatku przez niektóre państwa członkowskie dowodzą, że zarówno jego konstrukcja, jak i potencjalnie negatywne skutki budzą poważne wątpliwości.
EN
In 2011, the European Commission submitted a proposal of the financial transaction tax (FTT). The objectives of that idea were to harmonize national regulations aiming at taxing financial sector, to collect revenues contributing to compensate costs of the 2008-2009 financial crises and to establish disincentives for some risky financial transactions. The study reviews arguments of supporters and opponents of the EC proposal and potential implications of the regulation. A consensus was achieved that the financial transaction tax would have adverse effects on GDP and employment, would increase costs of financial transactions, and might adversely impact returns of sovereign and corporate debt securities. Moreover, it was widely agreed that a financial tax would not be an effective tool against speculative financial transactions. Although EU member states expressed the view that the agreement on FTT could not have EU-wide character, eleven member states declared their interest to introduce such a measure under the mechanism of enhanced cooperation. In 2013, the Commission submitted a proposal aimed at introducing an FTT in eleven Member States through the instrument of enhanced cooperation. The proposal has the same scope and objectives as the Commission’s initial proposal for an EU-wide FTT. Till now, the Council has not reached final agreement satisfying all participants (meanwhile reduced to ten). A steadily prolonged deadline for introducing the FTT and its unilateral implementation by certain Member States prove that both the construction of the FTT as well as its potentially negative effects raise severe doubts.
EN
The paper discusses a proposition of using property taxes as a tool for stabilizing the economy, through influencing financial market. After discussing basic tax instruments used to tax financial markets, the author draws criteria that should be taken into account when constructing a tax instrument that may have a positive influence on economic stability. Next, the author presents reasons for which property taxes would be better suitable for meeting this criteria.
PL
W artykule autor przedstawia propozycję zastosowania podatków majątkowych jako narzędzia stabilizacji wymiany gospodarczej poprzez wpływ na rynek finansowy. Po omówieniu podstawowych instrumentów podatkowych wykorzystywanych do opodatkowania rynku finansowego autor opisuje kryteria, które powinny być wzięte pod uwagę przy konstruowaniu instrumentu podatkowego oddziałującego korzystnie na stabilność gospodarczą. Następnie autor wskazuje, z jakich powodów kryteria te mogą być spełnione w pełniejszej formie dzięki zastosowaniu instytucji podatków majątkowych.
EN
The following text discusses the idea and main determinants of the implementation of the concepts of Tobin tax and Spahn tax. The aim of this paper is to analyze and show political determinants which could be important for the implementation of Tobin tax or Spahn tax and to analyze their possible consequences. The article deals with the following research problem: to what extent the possible political consequences of the implementation of Tobin tax or Spahn tax are important to make a decision regarding its implementation? The article aims at verifying the following hypothesis: the expected political consequences are the basic obstacle for the implementation of Tobin tax or Spahn tax and this obstacle will be difficult to overcome. The verification of this hypothesis is important for the evaluation of the activities of social movements and political parties which raise the question of the reform of global economic system or the European Union by implementation of one of these taxes and appropriate management of the funds raised in this way.
PL
W tekście omówiono założenia oraz podstawowe uwarunkowania wdrożenia dwóch wersji podatku od transakcji walutowych: podatku Tobina oraz podatku Spahna. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i analiza uwarunkowań politycznych, które mogą być istotne dla wprowadzenia każdej z tych koncepcji, a także możliwych konsekwencji wprowadzenia jednego z tych mechanizmów. Problem badawczy brzmi: na ile możliwe polityczne konsekwencje wprowadzenia podatku Tobina oraz podatku Spahna mogą zaważyć na podjęciu decyzji o wdrożeniu któregoś z nich. Można w tym kontekście postawić hipotezę, że spodziewane konsekwencje polityczne wprowadzenia każdego z tych rozwiązań stanowią podstawowy i trudny do przezwyciężenia problem w drodze do ich implementacji. Weryfikacja tej hipotezy będzie miała znaczenie dla oceny działań ruchów społecznych i partii politycznych, zmierzających do realizacji projektów przebudowy globalnego systemu ekonomicznego czy też reformy Unii Europejskiej przez wprowadzenie jednego z tych podatków i odpowiednie zagospodarowanie pozyskanych środków.
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