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EN
The article is an attempt to reconstruct a symbolic significance of the fire in life of polish family between XIII and XVIII centuries. On the basis of analyze of rich ceremonialism, which can be found in home, household and church space, some types of this element were defined by way of example. The basic merit of a fire is its consumer value, which providing family with life was the base of assessment and creating of additional sense. In symbolic stratum the main role played a ritual fire, which being a part of receiving ritual admitted new members of community (for example, children, women) . There was a fire in magical acts and fortune-telling in everyday practice. Made cyclically or by accident purifying fire protected house and cattle from contagion, dark forces and animal pests. Fire is also a destructive power, of which man was afraid and from which protected his family. The value of flame was also an area of death. Ritual gestures and acts usually used element’s substitutes like candle, smoke, ashes and stove. The rich symbolism of fire, its multi-aspect using and great variety of forms are an evidence of importance of this element in a family’s community space.
EN
An efficiently working fire protection system in an enterprise, a work place or an institution guarantees the proper execution of fire protection duties. Its proper organisation is of key importance. The conditions of the proper organisation of the fire protection system in a given organisational unit are above all the universality in the scope of using applicable provisions, knowledge of applicable provisions, appropriately exercised supervision of usage of applicable provisions, orders and established rules of conduct. The aim of this paper is to specify the most important duties of owners, users or managers in providing protection against fire or other local risks. This results from the fact that given the variety of operating enterprises, the character of their activity, kind of production and used technology, size, fire risk, etc. it is not possible to determine a standard model of a fire protection system for a particular work place.
EN
The main issues of the article touch on some fire protection aspects in the context of tourism which is the security of hotel guests. This article covers basic issues related to providing security and fire protection. The purpose of this article is to raise and diagnose awareness among tourists, including hotel guests with regard to fire protection. At the hotel, in particular, this assessment may help us to find the right answer to the question about how security and fire protection are perceived by hotel guests. In order to do this, we have done a survey among 107 hotel guests at the hotel situated in Silesia.
Filoteknos
|
2022
|
issue 12
407-414
EN
The article is a review of the book Żywioły w literaturze dziecięcej. Ogień, edited by Anna Czabanowska-Wróbel and Krystyna Zabawa. The publication was published in 2021 and closes a series of monographs devoted to the elements in literature for young readers. The authors of the articles propose interpretations of the fire theme, which is present in children’s literature. They analyze works from different eras, belonging to various genres.
EN
The main issues of the article touch on some fire protection aspects in the context of tourism which is the security of hotel guests. This article covers basic issues related to providing security and fire protection. The purpose of this article is to raise and diagnose awareness among tourists, including hotel guests with regard to fire protection. At the hotel, in particular, this assessment may help us to find the right answer to the question about how security and fire protection are perceived by hotel guests. In order to do this, we have done a survey among 107 hotel guests at the hotel situated in Silesia.
EN
Lech Piwowar was connected, inter alia, with the Cracow Writers’ Association (1929–1930), with the literary and artistic societies “Litart” (1931–1935) and “Volta” (1935–1937), since 1933 he closely cooperated with the Visual Artists’ Theatre “Cricot” and published in the magazines “Naprzód”, “Gazeta Artystów” and “Tygodnik Artystów”. According to Heronim Michalski, Piwowar was a “keen student” of Tadeusz Peiper, according to Julian Przyboś – he was a “faithful and fanatical” student. The author of this article devoted to Piwowar focuses on his poems employing explosive imagery, motifs of fire and blood, primarily within the current of social, “committed poetics” (e.g. Spring, Build!, or A Beauty’s Funeral recalling the revolutionary Cracow of 23 March 1936), poems with a rhetorical exclamation – a call. They lead to questions about the avant-garde imagination annexing (making more substantive) the proletarian gesture of dissent, an expression of revolt.
7
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Rescuing an Unconscious Victim

88%
EN
In contrast with common belief, in the case of damage events associated with fire a significant portion of victims die not as a result of burn injuries but suffocation. In modern architecture, including hotels, synthetic materials are broadly applied that produce toxic substances when they burn. In addition to toxic substances, the risk of suffocation is also increased by the depletion of oxygen as the fire spreads. Thus, for the successful rescue of the people whose lives are directly or indirectly endangered, their fast evacuation from the scene is of fundamental significance, even by causing material damage.
EN
In this paper, the ballet of Igor Stravinsky The Rite of Spring is interpreted from the perspective of Gaston Bachelard’s philosophical thought. Bachelard’s systematic psychoanalysis of literary images in The Psychoanalysis of Fire is applied to the interpretation of musical images in The Rite of Spring. Bearing in mind that rhythm is a key characteristic of Stravinsky’s composition, the paper analyses the immediate correspondences between Stravinsky’s and Bachelard’s perception and interpretation of rhythm in the works under consideration.
EN
Fire brigades obviously fought with the dangerous elements and natural disasters but moreover, they also had an important functions apart from firefighting. They organized amateur theatre groups, orchestras and amazing choirs. The first fire brigades in „makowski” district were found at the end of XIX century: in Maków Mazowiecki (1881) and in Różan (1895). In makowski district, in the year 1920 of XX century we noticed a great reviving of volunteer fire brigades. Seventeen new fire brigades were found at that time. In 1935 there had already been 37 fire brigades at that area in order to keep security to the community of makowski district.
PL
Straże pożarne obok walki z żywiołem spełniały w swoich środowiskach wiele ważnych i pożytecznych funkcji poza pożarnictwem. Organizowały amatorskie zespoły teatralne, orkiestry i chóry. W powiecie makowskim pierwsze straże pożarne powstały pod koniec XIX wieku w Makowie (1881 r.) i Różanie (1895 r.). W latach 20. XX wieku w powiecie makowskim daje się zauważyć ożywiony rozwój ochotniczych straży pożarnych. W tym czasie powstało 17 nowych straży. W 1935 roku na terenie powiatu makowskiego było już 37 staży pożarnych, które w dostateczny sposób zapewniały bezpieczeństwo społeczeństwu powiatu.
10
75%
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1967
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vol. 14
|
issue 1
49-64
PL
L’article comprend essentiellement trois parties: la première présente l’historique de la question depuis le temps des Pères de l’Eglise jusqu’à 1’heure actuelle, avec un accent partieulier sur l’époque récente. L’attention y est concentrée surtout sur les interprétations dont les principales sont: 10 celle de l’explication réciproque, 20 celle de l’opposition réciproque, 30 thèse naturaliste et de l’interpolation, enfin, 40 l’interpolation. L’auteur expose les principaux défauts et lacunes de ces interprétations et attire l’attention sur d’autres textes qu’il faut encore mettre à profit pour être à même de comprendre l’idée du baptême par le Saint Esprit et par le feu. La seconde partie embrasse les idées essentielles découlant de l’analyse des textes de base et d’autres textes liés à ce problème. L’on peut affirmer que l’expression „baptême par l’Esprit Saint et par le feu” a un sens métaphorique. Cette métaphore a deux aspects: celui du labeur, causant les souffrances de l’homme et même sa mort, et celui de la bienveillance et de la générosité de Dieu à l’égard de l’homme. Cette dualité d’aspect apparait dans les textes de l’A. T., dans ceux de Qumrân et dans les écrits apocalyptiques perses, grecs et latins, enfin, dans le N. T. lui-même. Dans ce dernier, 1’aspect peine est exprimé par le baptême par 1’Esprit Saint et le feu, dont il est question dans Mt. 3, 11 et Lc. 3, 16; il ressort aussi de 1’emploi du terme baptême en connexion avec les images du feu et du calice, comme symboles de la souffrance (Mc. 9, 49; 10, 38-39; Lc. 12, 49-50). L’aspect bienveillance divine apparait dans 1’idée du baptême par le Saint Esprit et le feu dont parle Mc. 1, 8; Jean 1, 33; Actes 1, 5; 11, 16. La troisième partie étudie l’évolution de l’idée du baptême par l’Esprit Saint et le feu sous le rapport théologique et sous le rapport littéraire. Au début, c’est 1’action du Messie juge et ôtant tout ce qui est mai qui occupe le premier plan. C’est ainsi que la présente Jean Baptiste dans son enseignement, comme le rapportent Mt. 3, 11 et Lc. 3, 16. Avec le temps, cependant, cette interprétation des paroles du Baptiste recule de plus en plus au second plan à mesure que d’autres caractéristiques de 1’image du Messie reçoivent du relief. Cette nouvelle interprétation est en premier lieu l’oeuvre du Christ: c’est Lui en effet qui, dans un endroit, applique les paroles de Jean à ses propres souffrances et è sa mort et, ailleurs à l’effusion du Saint Esprit au jour de la Pentecôte. Mc. 10, 38 et Lc. 12, 50 sont sans référence directe à Jean Baptiste tandis que Actes 1, 5 et 11, 16 le mentionnent expressément. Enfin, à coup sûr inspirée par l’enseignement du Christ, nous trouvons mise dans la bouche du Précurseur une opposition du baptême avec de 1’eau au baptême chrétien (Mc. 1, 8; Jean 1, 33).
EN
The town hall in small Polish towns from the 15th to the 16th century(Summary) This article attempts to find an answer to the question about the presence and role of town halls in very small and small Polish towns (i.e. in centres with a population of from several hundred to just over one thousand people) in the 15th to 16th centuries. Notes made in the town’s ledgers, which included expenses related to the functioning of the town halls, as well as all other mention of such halls in the town’s books and in surveys were analysed. Based on these meagre sources it is difficult to answer with any certainty the question about when the construction of town halls in small centres began. This phenomenon was visible from at least the mid-15th century, although some of the towns of interest to us already had town halls earlier – in the first half of the 15th century. The town hall was perceived by everyone as being a significant element attesting to the fact that a given centre could be called a town. Although the construction and then the maintenance of this attribute of urban culture required both financial means and organization which often exceeded the abilities of small town communities, the desire to build town halls and the planning of such enterprises are clearly visible. Town halls in smaller towns had reduced functions compared with those in large centres; however, far-reaching analogies can be observed. Apart from a residential function, the town halls in small towns served as archives, sometimes also as prisons, it is where trading was conducted, meetings held, and where information was exchanged.
12
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“Fires were lit inside them”

63%
EN
The language of fire has sometimes been used in illustrative ways to describe how social movements spark, flare, and sometimes sputter out. Building on recent scholarship about protest camps, as well as borrowing language from environmental historians about fire behavior, this article draws from ethnographic research to describe the pyropolitics of the Indigenous-led anti-pipeline movement at Standing Rock-examining how fire was used as analogy and in material ways to support and drive the movement to protect water from industrial capitalism. Describing ceremonial fires, social fires, home fires, cooking fires, and fires lit in protest on the front line, this article details how fire was put to work in myriad ways in order to support the movement against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and ensure social order and physical survival at the camps built to house supporters of the movement. This article concludes with descriptions of how these sparks ignited at Standing Rock followed activists home to their own communities, to other struggles that have been taken up to resist pipelines, the contamination of water, and the appropriation of Indigenous land.
EN
Hitherto undetected references in Martryium Polycarpi 15,2 to Ex 3,2–5 and Zech 2,9 suggest that the author of the martyrdom wanted to communicate to the reader that in the scene of Polycarp’s burning at the stake we are dealing with an image of theophanic meaning, analogous to the fiery theophanies in the Old Testament.
14
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Mistyczne znaczenie ognia

63%
PL
Ogień jest jednym z żywiołów i zjawisk otaczającego świata, poprzez który Bóg objawia człowiekowi Swą moc. We wszystkich kulturach i religiach stanowi ważne zjawisko, które jest przedmiotem kultu i mistycznego kontaktu z Bogiem. W sposób szczególny przejawia się w chrześcijaństwie i posiada wiele symboli, na co przykłady znajdujemy w licznych cytatach z Pisma Świętego. Jego obecność i znaczenie w chrześcijaństwie podkreśla coroczne zstąpienie Świętego Ognia w Grobie Pańskim w Jerozolimie, które jest symbolem Bożej łaski i życia w Duchu Świętym. Ogień będzie obecny także w czasach ostatecznych, jako przedmiot zagładyświata i potępienia grzeszników. Niewątpliwie ogień jest zatem obecny w każdej rzeczywistości i jako symbol życia i śmierci jest dla człowieka znakiem ostrzegawczym o jego przyszłości i relacjach z Bogiem. Ogień jest mistycznym znakiem kontaktu i jedności człowieka z Bogiem.
PL
Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę pojęcia przestępstwa ubezpieczeniowego oraz jego rodzaje: umyślne spowodowanie i upozorowanie zdarzenia ubezpieczeniowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem podpaleń. Opisano w nim etapowość procesu uzyskiwania nienależnego odszkodowania za przestępstwo związane z podpaleniem. Wskazano znaczny udział podpaleń w ogólnej liczbie pożarów, posłużono się danymi statystycznymi na temat przyczyn pożarów w Polsce w ostatnich 5 latach. Omówione zostały czynności zarządcze oraz środki zapobiegania przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej, z podziałem na środki ekonomiczne i prawne. Opisane zostały ponadto możliwości przeciwdziałania podpaleniom, jako głównej przyczyny szkód w ubezpieczeniach ogniowych.
EN
The article includes the characteristics of the insurance crime concept and its types: the wilful faking of an insured event, with particular emphasis on arson. Consecutive steps are described in the process of obtaining an undue compensation for crime-related arson. Statistical data concerning the causes of fires in Poland in the last 5 years are presented, indicating a significant share of arson-related fires in the total number of fires. The paper describes the management activities and prevention of insurance crime, broken down into economic and legal measures. It also describes how to tackle arson as the main cause of damage to the fire insurance.
EN
The paper raises the question of grave opening at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age at bi-ritual burial grounds from the area of the so-called Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Lusatian culture. The author proposes that this phenomenon should be recognized as a ritual action, referring to the structure of the funeral ritual of passage. It would be typical of inhumation burials. The increase in grave opening at the discussed area and period was in connection with migrations of the population.
17
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"Blisko ognia"

63%
Vox Patrum
|
1984
|
vol. 6
268-271
EN
Im kurzen Kommentar zu Logion 82 von Thomasevangeillum von Nag Hammadi wird die gnostische Interpretation vom Feuer mit der Interpretation von Origenes Zusammengestellt.
EN
In 2009 Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna in Ostrołęka is going to celebrate the 128th anniversary of existence. The organization works in the city and is the oldest social organization in Ostrołęka. This article is an attempt to show the history of the fire team and its founders. It will also describe the organization’s activity from the moment of its establishment until the outbreak of First World War. The article also touches the initial problems of orchestra OSP in Ostrołęka. The author also presents the difficulties with collecting the fire brigade equipment and Polish-Jewish relations at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
PL
W 2009 roku Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna w Ostrołęce świętować będzie 128-lecie powstania. Organizacja ta stanowi najstarsze stowarzyszenie społeczne w Ostrołęce. Artykuł ten jest próbą przedstawienia historii drużyny, jej założycieli oraz pierwszych lat działalności od momentu powstania aż do wybuchu I wojny światowej. Omówiono też początkowe problemy orkiestry OSP Ostrołęka i zaprezentowano trudności w zgromadzeniu sprzętu pożarniczego oraz związane ze stosunkami polsko- żydowskimi w straży pożarnej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku.
EN
The Fire Order was a detailed ordinance regulating the principles of fire prevention and extinguishing. The presented study is the first comprehensive analysis of the Wrocław fire orders from the years 1574 and 1586. The authors of historical studies in German from the 19th and early 20th centuries referred to these regulations in a way that made it impossible to actually learn the rules of fighting fires in Wrocław at the end of the 16th century. The aim of the study is to present the most important findings of the Wrocław city council regarding firefighting and to show the changes that have taken place in them over the period of twelve years.
PL
Porządek Ogniowy był szczegółowym przepisem porządkowym, regulującym zasady zapobiegania pożarom i ich gaszenia. Prezentowane opracowanie jest pierwszą obszerną analizą wrocławskich porządków ogniowych z lat 1574 i 1586. Autorzy niemieckojęzycznych opracowań historycznych z XIX w. i początku XX w. powoływali się na te przepisy w sposób uniemożliwiający faktyczne poznanie zasad walki z pożarami we Wrocławiu pod koniec XVI stulecia. Celem opracowania jest prezentacja najważniejszych ustaleń rady miejskiej Wrocławia dotyczących gaszenia pożarów i wykazanie zmian, które w nich zaszły w okresie dwunastu lat.
EN
This paper is devoted to the Stoic concept of ἐκπύρωσις – the conflagration of universe, its development, its position in the Stoic physical system and related ideas such as ἀποκατάστασις (the reconstruction of universe) as well as the Stoic idea of deity. Also, it addresses the issue of mythological and philosophical sources of the concept in question and presents several examples of its influence.
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