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PL
W niniejszym artykule analizujemy skutki ekspansji fiskalnej w warunkach zerowych stóp procentowych. W analizie posiłkujemy się nowym keynesowskim schematem analitycznym, który jest standardowo wykorzystywany przez banki centralne. Służy on nam do przypomnienia, że uznanie polityki pieniężnej za niezdolną do szybkiego domknięcia ujemnej luki popytowej wymaga przyjęcia założenia o braku chęci lub zdolności banku centralnego do zobowiązania się do utrzymywania, po ustąpieniu zaburzenia obniżającego naturalną stopę procentową lub nasilającego frykcje na rynkach finansowych, realnej stopy procentowej poniżej naturalnej stopy przez odpowiednio długi okres lub odpowiednio wyraźnie. Tak rozumiana nieskuteczność polityki pieniężnej w pobudzaniu łącznego popytu jest przejściowa i może wystąpić w szczególności wtedy, gdy zaburzenie obniżające naturalną stopę procentową lub nasilające frykcje na rynkach finansowych jest nie tylko duże, ale i uporczywe. Następnie przedstawiamy jej implikacje dla skuteczności ekspansji fiskalnej. Uporczywość zaburzenia, będąca źródłem nieskuteczności polityki pieniężnej, zmniejsza szanse na efektywność ekspansji fiskalnej. Na tym tle zarysowujemy pułapkę, w której może się znaleźć gospodarka, jeśli ekspansja fiskalna w warunkach zerowych stóp procentowych okaże się nieskuteczna. Pokazujemy, że może ona, zamiast -jak często się argumentuje - wydobywać gospodarkę ze stanu z niską aktywnością gospodarczą i stopami procentowymi bliskimi zera, utrwalać go.
EN
The following paper analyzes the effects of fiscal expansion at the zero lower bound (ZLB) of interest rates. The analysis uses the New Keynesian framework, which is commonly applied by central banks. The authors demonstrate that monetary policy can be deemed incapable of closing a negative output gap only under certain assumptions. Namely, the central bank must be unwilling or unable to commit to maintain the real interest rate below its natural level for a sufficiently long period, or by sufficient margin after the distortion lowering the natural rate of interest or aggravating financial market frictions fades. This kind of inefficiency of monetary policy in stimulating aggregate demand is temporary and may occur especially when the distortion lowering the natural rate of interest or aggravating financial market frictions is not only substantial but also persistent. The authors discuss its implications for efficiency of fiscal expansion, and show that if the distortions, which are the source of monetary policy inefficiency, persist, the probability of effective fiscal expansion diminishes. Against this background, the authors outline the risk the economy can face when fiscal expansion is inefficient at the ZLB, and demonstrate that the expansionary fiscal policy can consolidate the setup of low economic activity at the ZLB, instead of - as frequently argued - improving it.
EN
Different countries have applied different policies to deal with the latest economic crisis that has struck the world. While Poland and other new member states of the European Union have tightened their fiscal policies and resorted to various supply-side instruments, the United States, Japan and many old EU member countries have employed a fiscal expansion policy. This policy is based on a GDP growth multiplier effect and an increased use of public debt to finance government expenditure. The author estimates a potential fiscal impulse multiplier for the Polish economy in 2008 and follows up with a discussion of the key arguments of critics and advocates of the fiscal expansion strategy. In new EU member states, the ratio of the current-account deficit to GDP and the ratio of foreign debt to GDP are the main factors that determine whether or not there is room for fiscal expansion in the economy, the author says. In the wake of the global financial crisis, these ratios increased dramatically in these countries, chiefly due to previously underestimated system risks. Those risks resulted from the fact that new EU member countries maintained their interest rates at a high level for many years to keep inflation in check. The difference between the domestic and foreign interest rates was largely responsible for a progressive appreciation of the exchange rate, accompanied by a decreased competitiveness of exporters, increased foreign debt of businesses and households, and growing reliance on foreign investment as a way of covering the trade deficit. All these risks materialized when the international financial crisis began. The paper aims to determine if there is room for a fiscal expansion policy in Poland and whether such a policy could lead to a major increase in Treasury security yields and higher public debt service costs. This question requires detailed calculations, Osiatyński says. Even though the 2009 budget deficit was 121 percent financed from domestic sources in the first five months of the year, the policy produced no major increase in Treasury security yields, which may mean that there is room for such a policy in Poland, Osiatyński concludes. Otherwise the country could face a prolonged period of economic stagnation, he adds.
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