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Tax expenditures: spending through the Polish tax system

100%
Dziemianowicz R., Wyszkowski A., Budlewska R.
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
|
2014
|
issue 4(4)
92-107
EN
The subject of this article is the presentation of tax expenditures as a type of public spending recognized as the off budget expenditures, as well as indicating their influence on Polish budget. This aim was proved in the way of comparative studies of theoretical concepts of tax expenditures and solutions applied in the countries reporting them. Tax expenditures strictly related to particular economic and social policy goals, are special tax provisions which partly or absolutely reduce tax burden of some groups of taxpayers, and in the result – diminish the tax revenue appropriately. The focus on these privileges arisen on the base of tax code is highly important in the current budgetary conditions while the huge part of countries is struggling with imbalances of public finance, and increasing public debts. The overall value of estimated tax expenditures in Poland amounted to 81.6 billion PLN in 2012. Comparing this value to the general government deficit in 2012 of 62.7 billion PLN, the scope of public spending realized out of budget procedure is clearly evident. In 2009-2012 the share of tax expenditures in total public spending amounted on average by 18.3%, and the adequate loss of government revenues was estimated at 26.1% of total tax revenue. Unfortunately this not always transparent part of public spending is out of public control and effectively limits the ability of proper and responsible fiscal policy.
2
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Ocena stabilności długu publicznego przez instytucje międzynarodowe a strategia zarządzania długiem sektora finansów publicznych Polski

72%
Banaszewska M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
|
2017
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vol. 51
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issue 4
EN
The article aims to determine whether the external assessments of debt sustainability by the International Monetary Fund and the European Commission are reflected in the Polish public debt management strategy. First, it explains the concept of public debt sustainability. Then it discusses the research results obtained by mentioned institutions on the sustainability of Polish public debt. Finally, the external assessments of Polish public debt sustainability are confronted with the assumptions of the public finance sector debt management strategy.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie, czy oceny stabilności zadłużenia dokonywane przez Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy i Komisję Europejską znajdują odzwierciedlenie w strategii zarządzania długiem publicznym Polski. Najpierw wyjaśniono pojęcie stabilności długu publicznego. Następnie omówiono rezultaty badań wzmiankowanych instytucji na temat stabilności długu publicznego Polski. Wreszcie skonfrontowano zewnętrzne oceny stabilności zadłużenia publicznego Polski z założeniami strategii zarządzania długiem sektora finansów publicznych.
3
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Poor Quality of Fiscal Forecasts as a Trigger for Fiscal Imbalance in the European Union Countries – The Scale and Methods of Limiting It

72%
Franek S., Postuła M.
Problemy Zarządzania
|
2019
|
issue 3/2019 (83)
17-32
PL
Kryzys gospodarczy wskazał na niedoskonałości rozwiązań w zakresie utrzymania dyscypliny fiskalnej wśród krajów członkowskich UE. Dlatego na poziomie Unii Europejskiej podejmowane są działania służące wzmocnieniu instytucjonalnych aspektów procesu budżetowego opartego na wiarygodnych prognozach. W tym kontekście szczególnie istotne stało się stworzenie instrumentów fiskalnych minimalizujących powstawanie tego rodzaju zjawisk w przyszłości, co znalazło odzwierciedlenie w stosowanych regulacjach europejskich. W artykule dokonano oceny na ile zastosowanie instrumentów, takich jak reguły fiskalne, średniookresowe ramy planowania budżetowego oraz powstanie niezależnych instytucji fiskalnych miało wpływ na jakość prognoz, a w konsekwencji na skalę nierównowagi fiskalnej. JEL: H3, H62, H63 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.
EN
The economic crisis revealed the imperfections of the solutions aimed at maintaining fiscal discipline among Member States. Therefore, measures are taken at the EU level to strengthen the institutional aspects of a budgetary process that is based on reliable forecasts. What has proven to be of special importance in this context is the creation of fiscal instruments to minimise the occurrence of such phenomena in future, which has been reflected in the European regulations applied. The article seeks to evaluate the extent to which the use of instruments such as fiscal rules, medium-term budgetary frameworks and the emergence of independent fiscal institutions has had an impact on the quality of forecasts and, consequently, on the scale of fiscal imbalance. JEL: H3, H62, H63 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is fi nanced in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.
4

Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance In The United States

58%
Kowalik P.
Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
|
2014
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vol. 14
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issue 2
140-151
EN
Regional inequalities are currently a challenge for the majority of countries, in particular large ones, certain of which are federations. The federal state system is more complex than the unitary system. This results in specific problems. One of them is the issue of differing level of economic development of individual territorial units, whereby the problem of income redistribution emerges. The difference between income and expenses results in the formation of fiscal gaps, both horizontal and vertical ones. The aim of the paper is to present the measures applied for measuring the horizontal fiscal imbalance. It is also the starting point for conducting measurements of those imbalances in the USA based on the presented measures. The paper presents the measures applied in the literature for the purposes of measuring horizontal fiscal imbalance. In addition, the measurement of those imbalances in the USA are presented.
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