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EN
Fixed establishment (FE) is one of the institutions of the EU value added tax system; its structure is essential to correctly determine the right tax jurisdiction of an EU Member State for the purpose of VAT settlement in situations of cross-border provision of services. However, the legal structure of a FE adopted by the EU legislator (and, consequently, adapted to national legislation of the Member States) causes uncertainty when it comes to its interpretation. In the absence of unambiguously defined conditions in EU law to consider a specific presence and activity of an enterprise to be a FE, interpretation rules contained in judicial decisions issued by the Court of Justice of the EU play an important role. Among attempts made by the CJEU to clarify the ‘blur areas’ resulting from the dynamics of modern business processes, one of the most interesting ones is the possibility of considering a subsidiary to be a fixed establishment for a parent company. The purpose of this paper is to analyse legal and economic factors, the fulfilment of which may constitute a condition for considering a subsidiary to be a fixed establishment for a parent company, with particular emphasis on the ruling of the Court of Justice of 7 May 2020 in the Dong Yang case (C-547/18).
EN
The aim of the study was to analyze the concept of a fixed establishment in the German VAT Act and its interpretation by the German financial courts and tax authorities. The German financial courts, when assessing the criteria for accepting the existence of a fixed establishment, are rightly referring to Regulation No. 282/2011 and the case law of the CJEU. Nevertheless, in some cases, the judiciary allows for the existence of a fixed establishment in Germany even if the taxpayer uses someone else’s staff and does not even have any personnel facilities. In the opinion of the Authors, this is an interpretation that goes far beyond any justification, neither in EU law nor in the case law of the CJEU.
PL
Celem opracowania jest analiza koncepcji stałego miejsca prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej na gruncie niemieckiej ustawy o VAT oraz wykładni tego pojęcia dokonywanej przez niemieckie sądy finansowe i organy podatkowe. Niemieckie sądy finansowe, dokonując oceny kryteriów pozwalających na przyjęcie istnienia stałego miejsca prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej za punkt wyjścia, słusznie przyjmują Rozporządzenie 282/2011 oraz orzecznictwo TSUE. Niemniej jednak w niektórych przypadkach sądownictwo dopuszcza występowanie stałego miejsca prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej na terytorium Niemiec nawet wówczas, jeśli podatnik korzysta z cudzego personelu albo nie dysponuje żadnym zapleczem personalnym. W opinii autorów jest to wykładnia zbyt daleko idąca, nieznajdująca uzasadnienia ani na gruncie prawa unijnego, ani orzecznictwa TSUE.
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