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EN
The article discusses the problem of the oldest non‑literary text written in Old Portuguese. During the 20th century, several texts competed for the status of the “oldest written Portuguese document”. Over the course of time, the privileged position claimed by each of them was called into question. They were all dismissed either as later copies or as inauthentic texts and replaced by a new “oldest” text. The article follows this search through the course of the 20th century.
Acta onomastica
|
2023
|
vol. 64
|
issue 2
331-343
EN
The article discusses regular linguistic processes in some proper names which show mutual Polish-Ruthenian linguistic contacts – Hujcze, Hujsko, Nahujowice. Today’s native Polish speakers find those names really expressive and/or offensive. This is caused by the similarity between a part huj and Polish word chuj, which is a swearword for penis. The analysis has shown that in every one of those names the part huj comes from a different root and any associations with the word chuj are unfounded. Regular linguistic processes might lead to developing atypical proper names.
CS
Článek pojednává o pravidelných jazykových procesech u některých místních jmen, jež jsou svědectvím vzájemného polsko-rusínského jazykového kontaktu – Hujcze, Hujsko, Nahujowice. Dnešní rodilí polští mluvčí považují tato jména za výrazně expresivní a/nebo urážlivá. To je způsobeno podobností mezi částí huj a polským podstatným jménem chuj ‚penis‘. Analýza ukázala, že v každém z těchto jmen pochází část huj z jiného kořene a jakékoli asociace se slovem chuj jsou neopodstatněné. Pravidelné jazykové procesy mohou vést ke vzniku atypických vlastních jmen.
EN
The article treats the phenomenon of aspiration in Mandarin Chinese and English within a broader linguistic context. The topics discussed are (1) both the general and language-specific articulatory and acoustic make-up of aspirated consonants (long overall duration, tense articulation, long VOT; the alternative sources of aspiration friction are recalled, as opposed to a common view emphasizing mainly the glottal friction) and (2) the dissimilar functioning of aspiration in English and Mandarin Chinese (English: a secondary phonetic feature of stops /p/, /t/, /k/ in particular positions; Chinese: an essential distinctive feature of the consonantal subsystem operating in three pairs of stops and three pairs of affricates). After reviewing possible options for making phonological contrast in stops (and affricates) employing the laryngeal phonological features [± voiced] and [± aspirated], the author presents cross-linguistically manifold ways of phonetic realizations of the phonological categories chosen by a particular language (the polarization principle, Magnet Model Theory and Trubetzkoy’s “phonological sieve” are introduced as a possible explanation of the diversity). The author points out that the described complexity causes numerous problems in consonant production and perception in second language learning, the mistakes being diverse depending on the native language of the student.
EN
Pronunciation is one of the basic characteristics of one’s speech culture. L1 teaching should lead to the development of speaking skills, whose part is also mastering the orthoepic norm. One of the preconditions of that is the teachers’ subject matter knowledge, their own practically mastery of Czech orthoepy. The paper brings the results of a study conducted with a sample of 148 teachers from Czech primary and lower- and upper-secondary schools which researched the teachers’ ability to detect pronunciation errors in a segment of continuous speech. The results indicate that the awareness of the orthoepic norm among Czech language teachers is rather insufficient, and that there is quite strong correlation between the teachers’ knowledge of the orthoepic norm and the pronunciation errors their pupils make.
CS
Dobrá výslovnost je jedním ze základních rysů řečové kultivovanosti mluvčího. Vyučování mateřskému jazyku by mělo vést k rozvoji řečových dovedností, jejichž součástí je zvládnutí ortoepické normy. Jednou z podmínek tohoto procesu je sama učitelova znalost a praktické ovládání české ortoepie. Článek přináší výsledky studie, jíž se zúčastnilo 148 učitelů na 1., 2. a 3. vzdělávacím stupni. Studie zjišťovala schopnost učitelů detekovat výslovnostní chyby v souvislé promluvě. Výsledky naznačují, že povědomí o české ortoepické normě je mezi učiteli spíše nedostačující a že může existovat souvislost mezi učitelovou znalostí ortoepické normy a kvalitou mluveného projevu žáka.
Bohemistyka
|
2017
|
issue 4
347-358
EN
This article concerns with pronouns ní, jí, naší and vaší in accusative singular form which is non-standard for this case. I try to point out a possible connection between pronunciation of these pronouns and their written forms in Czech National Corpus. I especially focus on reasons, why a language user (writer) chooses long final vowel in accusative singular also in contexts, where it is not in accordance with the paradigm of given pronoun, as it is described in grammars of Czech. I explore differences in function styles in the corpus SYN2015 and differences in regions in the corpus SCHOLA2010. I also observe, which prepositions are related to non-standard accusative pronouns.
CS
Tato stať pojednává o nestandardním použití vokalické délky v akuzativu singuláru zájmen ní, jí, naší a vaší. Pokouším se poukázat na možnou souvislost mezi výslovností těchto tvarů a jejich psanou podobou v Českém národním korpusu. Zejména se zaměřuji na to, v jakých kontextech volí uživatel jazyka (pisatel) v akuzativu singuláru dlouhý koncový vokál i v případech, kde to není v souladu s paradigmatem daného zájmena tak, jak je zachyceno v mluvnicích českého jazyka. Rozdíly z hlediska funkčních stylů zkoumám v korpusu SYN2015, rozdíly z hlediska regionální příslušnosti pak v korpusu SCHOLA2010. Sleduji rovněž, které předložky se pojí s nestandardními akuzativními tvary zájmen.
XX
The article analyses the influence of Vladimír Šmilauer on the character of the Journal of Modern Philology (Časopis pro moderní filologii, ČMF). Šmilauer was associated with the Journal for Modern Philology as an author and an editor for Slavic studies (1939–1951). The article describes the main linguistic/philological topics contributed to the magazine by Šmilauer (Slovak studies and the history of the Slovak language, new Czech, e.g. orthography, reports on foreign literature, etc.). The period of Šmilauer’s work at the ČMF falls into a time of socially problematical political systems: the Nazi protectorate after 1939 and the communist terror after 1948. On the example of the case of Šmilauer, we will show how and when political systems were directly reflected in the philological content of the Journal for Modern Philology.
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