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Fonologická adaptace anglicismů v kvantitativním pohledu

100%
Duběda T.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2018
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vol. 101
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issue 5
245-267
EN
The article aims at describing and quantifying the phonological processes involved in the adaptation of Anglicisms to Czech. The object of the analysis is a comprehensive database of phonological forms obtained from dictionaries. The prevailing principle is phonological approximation, i.e. the perceptually motivated, systemic substitution of English phonemes by Czech phonemes, which includes, apart from one-to-one phonemic projections, phonological mergers, context-sensitive substitutions, and variant substitutions. The adaptation is based on the British phonological system, the influence of American English being only marginal. The second fundamental principle in order of importance is spelling pronunciation. The distribution of these principles and their combinations is relatively stable in the centre and at the periphery of the lexical subsystem of Anglicisms. In approximately one-fifth of the sample, the two primary principles are complemented by one or more secondary principles (analogy with English, Czech or a third language, language universals, anomalies).
2
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Dva základní analytické koncepty strukturalistického myšlení

80%
Müller R.
Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)
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2015
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vol. 51
146-155
EN
Both texts present a systematic survey of two elementary analytical categories of Structuralist thought — binarity and opposition, especially in their semionarratological implications. In “Binarity”, one structuralist version of binary analysis is described as a decomposition “of the continuum of the observed world along universal relational axes constituting logical oppositions (contradictions). An inventory of elementary binary oppositions is established, which form a paradigmatic matrix of the observed area and structure is as a relational system or network”. Within this method an apriori aspect can be sometimes distinguished when an elementary binary logical structure is assumed as a universal principle underlying the multiplicity of observable phenomena. According to another, yet different conception, used in the context of artificial linguistic simulations and computing, binarity is understood as a principle of reversible de/composition of code based on two elementary signals or elements (formalized, for instance, as +/- or 0/1), which makes further combinatorial descriptions and operations of the system possible. The genesis of binary method, beginning with G. W. Leibniz’s binary code on one hand and Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics on the other, is followed, including Trubetzkoy’s and Jakobson’s phonology, Claude Lévi-Strauss’s ethnology, Greimas’s structural semantics and ending with the fundamental critique of binarism formulated by Jacques Derrida through his notion of différance and his descriptions of temporalization of structure. In “Opposition”, Trubetzkoy’s non-binary oppositions (gradual, equipollent, isolated, ternary, n-ary oppositions) within phonology, Greimas’s semiotic square (two types of binary oppositions: contradiction, contrariety or Mukařovský’s notions of dynamic antinomies within functionalstructuralist aesthetics are further taken into account.
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Empirické mapování výslovnostního úzu u cizích slov

80%
Duběda T.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2016
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vol. 77
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issue 2
123-142
EN
In this article, I describe the principal features of the Database of Loanword Pronunciation Variants, realised with the aim of bridging a long gap in the empirical study of Czech loanword phonology. The database contains pronunciation forms obtained for 300 phonetically problematic loans and proper names from a balanced sample of 300 Czech speakers. After considering the principles that underlie the phonological adaptation of loanwords, I describe the design of the database and the methodology used. Although the validity of the data is undoubtedly high, I note some factors that might cause bias, such as the influence of spelling or the item selection procedure. The average number of different pronunciation variants per item is 8.02 (1.97 after variants with less than 5% frequency have been excluded). 34 different paradigms of phonological variability were identified in the database. A number of criteria can be used when analysing the data: the phonological phenomenon, word type (e.g. common vs. proper noun), source language, as well as informant features (region, sex, age, education). The database represents a large sociolinguistic survey which can be used both as an empirical platform for the study of Czech loanword phonology and as a source for lexicographic work.
FR
Nous décrivons ici les principales caractéristiques de la Base de données des emprunts dans leur prononciation usuelle (http://dvucs.ff.cuni.cz), mise au point afin de combler une longue absence d’études empiriques sur la phonologie des emprunts en tchèque. La base de données contient les formes phonétiques obtenues pour 300 emprunts et noms propres présentant des difficultés phonétiques, auprès d’un échantillon équilibré de 300 locuteurs tchèques. Après avoir exposé les principes généraux qui sous-tendent l’adaptation phonologique des emprunts, nous décrivons la structure de la base de données et la méthodologie utilisée. Bien que la validité de ces données pour l’analyse de la phonologie des emprunts soit incontestable, nous mentionnons plusieurs facteurs susceptibles de causer des interférences, comme l’influence de l’orthographe ou la démarche adoptée pour la sélection des entrées. Le nombre moyen de variantes phonétiques différentes par entrée est de 8,02 (1,97 après l’exclusion des variantes ayant un effectif inférieur à 5 %). 34 paradigmes différents de variabilité phonologique ont été identifiés dans la base de données, dont certains sont typiques de langues sources particulières. Plusieurs critères peuvent être utilisés lors de l’analyse des données : phénomène phonologique, type de mot (p. ex. nom commun vs. nom propre), langue source, ainsi que les caractéristiques du locuteur (région, sexe, âge, éducation). Des exemples d’analyses sont donnés pour chacun de ces critères. Cette base de données représente une vaste étude sociolinguistique utilisable non seulement comme une plateforme empirique pour l’étude de la phonologie des emprunts en tchèque, mais aussi comme une source valable d’informations pour la lexicographie.
4
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Jak se vyslovují názvy cizích obchodních značek v televizních reklamách?

80%
Duběda T.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 2
76-91
EN
In this article we analyse phonetic aspects of foreign brand names appearing in Czech TV advertisements. We first define eight principles which underlie the phonological adaptation of loanwords, and describe their relevance for the TV advertisement genre. Next we proceed to an analysis of 200 brand names retrieved from TV broadcasting. The results confirm the dominance of the phonological approximation principle, which is often combined with the spelling pronunciation principle. Original pronunciation, respecting foreign phonology, is surprisingly rare, although TV advertising is a dynamic and highly globalised media genre.
5
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Aspirované souhlásky v čínštině a v angličtině

80%
Třísková H.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2014
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vol. 96
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issue 2
196-218
EN
The article treats the phenomenon of aspiration in Mandarin Chinese and English within a broader linguistic context. The topics discussed are (1) both the general and language-specific articulatory and acoustic make-up of aspirated consonants (long overall duration, tense articulation, long VOT; the alternative sources of aspiration friction are recalled, as opposed to a common view emphasizing mainly the glottal friction) and (2) the dissimilar functioning of aspiration in English and Mandarin Chinese (English: a secondary phonetic feature of stops /p/, /t/, /k/ in particular positions; Chinese: an essential distinctive feature of the consonantal subsystem operating in three pairs of stops and three pairs of affricates). After reviewing possible options for making phonological contrast in stops (and affricates) employing the laryngeal phonological features [± voiced] and [± aspirated], the author presents cross-linguistically manifold ways of phonetic realizations of the phonological categories chosen by a particular language (the polarization principle, Magnet Model Theory and Trubetzkoy’s “phonological sieve” are introduced as a possible explanation of the diversity). The author points out that the described complexity causes numerous problems in consonant production and perception in second language learning, the mistakes being diverse depending on the native language of the student.
6
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Míra cizineckého přízvuku v češtině polských mluvčích

80%
Veroňková J.
Bohemistyka
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2022
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issue 3
463-475
EN
The aim of the study is to try to find sound phenomena that can influence the assessment of the degree of foreign accent among Polish speakers in Czech. The material consists of samples of five native Polish male speakers, from which a perception test was compiled. The degree of foreign accent was assessed by two groups of native Czech speakers (from Bohemia and Ostrava region). Based on the results of the test and perceptual and acoustic analysis, phenomena were determined that could (with varying degrees of certainty) have an influence on the assessment of the foreign accent and which, on the contrary, were not reflected in the assessment. Both the phenomena of prosody, and the pronunciation of segments or their combinatorics contribute to a foreign accent.
CS
Cílem studie je pokusit se nalézt zvukové jevy, které mohou ovlivnit hodnocení míry cizineckého přízvuku u polských mluvčích v češtině. Materiál tvoří vzorky pěti mluvčích mužů s mateřštinou polštinou, z nichž byl sestaven percepční test. Míru cizineckého přízvuku hodnotily dvě skupiny rodilých posluchačů češtiny (z Čech a Ostravska). Na základě výsledků testu a poslechové a akustické analýzy byly určeny jevy, které mohly mít (s různou mírou jistoty) na hodnocení cizineckého přízvuku vliv a které se naopak v hodnocení neodrazily. K cizineckému přízvuku přispívají jak jevy souvislé řeči, tak výslovnost segmentů či jejich kombinatorika.
7
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Diftongizace ý > ej u českých oikonym

71%
Šimečková M.
Acta onomastica
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2016
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vol. 56
199-207
EN
The paper is focused on territorial spread of the ý > ej diphthongisation as a specific phonetic phenomenon of the Czech language. The analysis is based on old oikonyms excerpted from two main Czech toponomastic lexicons. The research shows that 1) the earliest orthographic evidence for the ý diphthongisation appears in the thirteenth century, nevertheless some cases are uncertain as they may reflect German pronunciation (oikonyms as Tejn, Tejnec); 2) since the sixteenth century, ej (or monophthongised é) has occurred in oikonyms in historic Bohemia and western and central Moravia, other regions (most of Moravia and Silesia) have preserved oikonymic forms with the etymological ý; 3) a rare evidence for the ej in eastern Moravia and Silesia indicates that in earlier periods of the language development, the ej was a part of cultural language; 4) the first evidence for the diphthongisation of the „soft“ í has been registered since the sixteenth century and it is limited to a small number of oikonyms; 5) the diphthongisation has been based on intralingual causes of the Czech language, it is not a result of imitation of the German language development.
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