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EN
Aviation is one of the safest means of transport. Despite increasing amounts of money being spent on safety, this mode of transport is not free from incidents and disasters. The article considers the issue of aviation accidents as a result of which the aircraft has sunk in a body of water. The events of recent years involving the aircraft Air France Flight 447 (Airbus 330-203,2009), Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (Boeing 777, 2014) and a military aircraft of the Russian Federation (Tu-154, 2016), show that aviation is not free from this kind of tragic disaster. One important aspect in such situations is that proper and immediate search and rescue operations are undertaken (i.e. SAR or CSAR). Due to the nature of the location of the event, which is a body of water, the course of procedural and forensic activities differs from the traditional mode of conduct. The algorithm for examination of the scene begins with finding and securing the flight data recorder (i.e. the black box). The methodology for examination in the case of an event in an aquatic environment is non-standard. The actions themselves, including visual examination, cannot be carried out by the specialist but only indirectly by suitably qualified divers or scuba divers. Also, the aquatic environment itself demands that all activities are carried out immediately. Any delay may entail the bodies of victims, material evidence or structural parts being moved by water currents, which in turn can distort the picture of the scene itself. Only after recovery of human bodies and evidence to on board a vessel or ashore is it possible to carry out the necessary forensic examination. In the case of air accidents it is necessary, among others, to determine the number of people involved and the disposition of their bodies, to collect evidence and establish the critical moment of the incident. The preservation of the bodies of victims and material evidence recovered from the water involves special treatment. In this type of event it is possible to use the so-called new technologies in the form of unmanned craft (i.e. underwater drones).
EN
Arthur Conan Doyle famously popularised science in his series of detective stories by placing its three constitutive elements (scientific knowledge, the collection of evidence, and art of making inferences), in his protagonist Sherlock Holmes. The legacy is present in contemporary crime fiction, but the competencies have been distributed among a group of individuals involved in the investigation. This distribution has affected and changed the position of the detective vis-à-vis scientific expertise. Science, chiefly in the form of different branches of forensics, is as indispensable as the detective, and authors have been working out different ways of making the two work together. As an example of this cooperation, the paper examines Mark Billingham’s 2015 novel Time of Death.
EN
Article concerns the issue of car accident scene investigation. An example of modern forensic techniques usage is given, with potential for implementing the FORTIS system as an element of trail.
EN
The article intends to present inspirations derived from the so-called forensic turn in studies dealing with the landscape of the former death camp in Chełmno on the Ner (Kulmhof), and in particular its woodland (Waldlager Kulmhof) located in the Rzuchów Forest Unit (Forest District Koło). Here the forensic turn is understood not as a politically motivated “exhumation movement” but as special interest in the material remains of the Holocaust, regarded as evidence and inspiring the construction of complementary interpretations combining the humanities and social sciences with criminal justice and sciences dealing with life. The article will demonstrate how the accomplishments of contemporary anthropology and legal archaeology, bio-archaeology, taphonomy, and studies dealing with the environmental history of the Holocaust can enrich the humanistic comprehension of the landscape. The sources at the basis of the reflections are the outcome of state investigations and testimonies of the survivors and witnesses of the extermination of the Jewish population in Chełmno on the Ner. The article follows the procedures of the extermination of the victims, the ways of processing human remains and their subsequent scattering in the natural landscape as a consequence of a directive calling for a total elimination of all material evidence (especially bodies of the murdered people). Within the forensic approach to the post-Holocaust landscape of the Rzuchowski Forest, which conceals the ashes of the victims, and thus human remains fragmented to a form that often makes identification impossible, the author of the article posed the following questions: what sort of a role is played by human remains that cannot become the object of research conducted by medical doctors, anthropologists or court archaeologists since the state of preservation renders impossible or completely excludes standard research procedures? How is one to examine a landscape containing the ashes of thousands of victims? How is the landscape to be treated as proof of the Holocaust?
EN
This paper examines the history of a system of peer institutions in Ukraine. Expert Service is part of the expert support crime investigation and administration of justice in Ukraine, organizational structure which is enshrined in law.
EN
This paper examines the history of a system of peer institutions in Ukraine. Expert Service is part of the expert support crime investigation and administration of justice in Ukraine, organizational structure which is enshrined in law.
7
88%
Cybersecurity and Law
|
2023
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
167-182
EN
It is common to use terms like cybercrime and cybersecurity interchangeably. The distinction between the subject scope of both terms in the case of forensic science clearly indicates the direction of the tasks carried out in the areas of tactics and technology. In contrast to cybersecurity, the preventive function of forensic science is to create solutions that strengthen the resistance of information systems to actions that violate the confidentiality, integrity, accessibility, and authenticity of processed data or related services offered by these systems. Ensuring such resilience should be perceived in the context of the activities of entities performing public tasks with the use of cooperating IT devices and software by processing, storing, sending, and receiving data via telecommunications networks using a terminal device appropriate for a given type of telecommunications network.
EN
The study presents problems of the youngest branch of botany – forensic palynology. It briefly discusses the phenomenon of pollen spectrum – how to analyze it and the scope of its application. Examples of investigative and judicial practices illustrate the usefulness of the palynological method in legal argumentation, with a special emphasis on the usefulness in criminal proceedings. The author also argues for the scientific nature of pollen-spore method and techniques used in it.
EN
The paper raises the question of possible applications of logic within criminalistics. It is shown that forensic specialists should know the basics of logic, particularly such issues as the different types of inferences and their correctness (also formal).
EN
The article considers the problems of formation of forensic examination theory with a view to the processes that currently take place in the Republic of Belarus (creation of unified expert institution, reform of legal regulation, changes in practical activities). The main obstacles to  the development of  a  theoretical model of  the forensic examination are outlined by  the author. Several approaches to the understanding of forensic activities are analysed, including the general theory of forensic examination and its particular theories. It is argued that the approach to the formation of the system of particular theories on the basis of examinations’ classification is  imperfect due to  the lack of  a  uniform criterion. Various authors’ concepts which present particular theories and other structural elements do not completely meet the requirements for consistency. As a consequence of this, the construction of the existing classifications is based on the generalisation of practice. As a result the appearance of new types of forensic examinations requires reclassification of particular theories. This construction of the system’s sections is not practicable, and the shortcomings outlined are caused by  the lack of  a  holistic perception of forensic activities. An approach to structuring forensic activities is elaborated and proposed by the author. It can serve as a means of solving the problems of systematisation of sections and particular theories in the structure of forensic examination theory.
EN
Forensics and criminalistics at the end of 20th century won a lot of public attention thanks to popular TV series, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. It has fueled new programs in forensics worldwide. Paper presents practical approach to teaching criminalistics at the Department of Criminalistics, University of Warsaw. Brief description of differences in defining forensics and criminalistics are followed by presenting the development of hands on criminalistics class called CSI: Warsaw. Benefits and downsides of implementing such approach are discussed.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę wykorzystania metod statystycznych w kryminalistyce. W tym celu przedstawiono rys historyczny opisujący rozwój wykorzystania tych metod. Omówiono również istotę tych metod, wskazując na ich główne zalety i wady. Do tych pierwszych zaliczyć można skwantyfikowanie niepewności związanej z danym dowodem, możliwość oceny prawdopodobieństwa zajścia którejś z wersji wydarzeń czy możliwość testowanie różnego rodzaju hipotez. Do wad towarzyszących wykorzystaniu metod statystycznych w kryminalistyce zaliczyć można konieczność posiadania odpowiedniej wiedzy z zakresu matematyki, rachunku prawdopodobieństwa czy statystyki, brak której utrudni bądź uniemożliwi zastosowanie właściwych narzędzi matematycznych, zwłaszcza przez osoby, które dokonują oceny dowodów, oraz problemy z przekazaniem i interpretacją uzyskanych wyników przez biegłych wykorzystujących metody statystyczne w kryminalistyce, tak aby były one zrozumiałe dla laików. Brak odpowiedniego zrozumienia może prowadzić do wystąpienia mających poważne konsekwencje błędów. Dodatkowo przedstawiono kilka przykładów zastosowania metod statystycznych w kryminalistyce takich jak analiza linii papilarnych, analiza fragmentów szkła i analiza profilu DNA.
EN
The article undertakes the issues related to the use of statistical methods in forensics. To this end, a historical background on the development of such methods was presented. The essence of the methods was discussed with particular emphasis on their advantages and drawbacks. The former include the possibilities of quantifying uncertainty related to new evidence, assessing the probability of occurrence of one of versions of events or testing various hypotheses. The drawbacks related to applying statistical methods to forensics include the need for relevant expertise in mathematics, probability, and statistics. The lack of such expertise may impede or prevent the application of proper mathematical tools, especially by persons who evaluate evidence, or cause problems for the court experts who use statistical methods in forensics, in terms of conveying and interpreting the obtained results in a manner that they are understandable to non-professionals. The lack of sufficient understanding may lead to errors of serious consequences. In addition, several examples of the use of statistical methods in forensics are shown, such as fingerprint, glass particie and DNA analyses.
EN
The article concerns the wartime history of Peru and examines both topdown and bottom-up practices of accounting for the internal conflict of 1980–2000, which were initiated in the background of the warfare. The aim of the article is to discuss the connections I observed between the phenomena referred to in the title: return migrations of the inhabitants of the central-southern province, their search for the victims of forced disappearances, as well as the exhumation challenges emerging since the beginning of the war. In other words, the text constitutes an attempt to contextualise the above-mentioned issues given competing versions of memory about political violence in the Andes, with particular focus on their top-down determinants in the Fujimorism era.
EN
There seem to be a lot of differences between archaeology and forensic science but, when we take a closer look, we may find out that some methods and goals may be similar, especially on the ground of exhumation of graves. Since the early 90s, in Poland, archaeologists more often started to take part in investigations covering mass murders and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War. It occurred that their methodology is providing best results in this kind of work. At first, archeologists started only as consultants but then they were given a possibility to lead their own field of excavations in that area of interest. Moreover, it led to creating a new subdiscipline called forensic archaeology. It is hard to tell the difference between archaeological and forensical field methods of exhuming graves. Archaeological literature is way more precise in describing that topic, whereas police experts are thought to provide general procedures of securing a crime scene. The most obvious differences between the two fields in question are visible in the methods of documentation. However, there is no doubt that the specialists in each of the disciplines have learned a lot from each other since they decided to cooperate in some specific cases.
PL
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15
51%
Ius Novum
|
2019
|
vol. 13
|
issue 3
17-31
PL
Specyfika socjologii kryminalistycznej wynika w znacznej mierze ze specyfiki samej kryminalistyki. Wyznaczenie zakresu przedmiotowego socjologii kryminalistycznej jest niezbędne dla traktowania jej jako odrębnej dyscypliny wiedzy. W tym celu konieczne jest wyodrębnienie w ramach socjologii tego, co może być przydatne w zawodach związanych ze ściganiem karnym oraz z wymiarem sprawiedliwości, a także określenie specyficznych dla socjologii kryminalistycznej celów poznawczych. Wyznaczenie specyfiki przedmiotu socjologii kryminalistycznej obejmuje również analizy wzajemnych związków i odrębności omawianej dyscypliny oraz innych, pokrewnych dyscyplin. Wśród szczegółowych dyscyplin socjologicznych szczególne miejsce zajmuje socjologia prawa i wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Relacja pomiędzy socjologią kryminalistyczną a tą dyscypliną będzie w znacznym stopniu zależała właśnie od tego, jak będzie się ujmowało zakresy obu tych dziedzin. W szerokim ujęciu w obrębie socjologii kryminalistycznej można zlokalizować problematykę socjologiczną przestępstwa i przestępcy, wykonania kary pozbawienia wolności, postępowania karnego i innych postępowań. Można stwierdzić, iż socjologia kryminalistyczna jest nauką multidyscyplinarną w tym sensie, że korzysta z dorobku innych dyscyplin nauki, nie integrując ani nie wchłaniając zdobytej w ich obrębie wiedzy. Tak więc nauka ta tworzy ogólne koncepcje w zakresie podstawowego przedmiotu swoich zainteresowań oraz stymuluje badania szczegółowe tylko w pewnych obszarach, które dla kryminalistyki są szczególnie ważne, chociaż niekoniecznie istotne dla innych nauk.
EN
The specificity of forensic sociology is largely due to the specificity of forensics itself. Determination of the subject matter of forensic sociology is necessary for it to be treated as a separate discipline of knowledge. To this end, these elements of sociology that may be useful for professionals dealing with criminal prosecution or administration of justice must be identified, and scholarly objectives specific to forensic sociology must be set. Defining the specifics of the subject matter of forensic sociology includes also the analysis of interrelations and separateness of the discipline at issue and of other related disciplines. Sociology of law and justice has a special place among particular sociological disciplines. The relationship between forensic sociology and the said discipline largely depends on how the scope of both these fields are understood. More broadly, forensic sociology includes sociological aspects of crime and a perpetrator, of the enforcement of the penalty of deprivation of liberty, and of criminal and other proceedings. Forensic sociology can be considered multidisciplinary science in the sense that it uses achievements of other disciplines without integrating or absorbing the knowledge acquired within them. Forensic sociology thus creates general concepts as part of its basic matter of interest and inspires detailed research only into certain areas that are particularly important for it, though not necessarily for other sciences.
EN
The article presents the results of research aimed at determining the extent to which ozone used for disinfecting rooms affects the possibility of developing fingerprints on paper using the DFO method. A sudden increase in COVID-19 cases has placed the focus on disinfection techniques for user safety. It is also becoming important to ensure the safety of parcels addressed to various recipients by inactivating pathogens, while maintaining the possibility of examination that can identify the sender, which is important from the point of view of forensics. Ozonation is a disinfection technique that has been used for many years, in particular for water treatment or in the food industry. The experiments were carried out in rooms with a cubature of approx. 20 m3 using an ozone generator available on the market. The obtained ozone gas concentration did not exceed 10 ppm. The conducted research confirmed that the traces of fingerprints left on xerographic paper placed in a room subjected to ozonation in a concentration not exceeding 10 ppm are not damaged and can be successfully developed with the DFO method.
PL
Obserwowany od początku 2020 r. gwałtowny wzrost zachorowań na COVID-19 wywołanych zakażeniem koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2 (ang. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) oraz ogłoszenie w marcu ubiegłego roku przez WHO stanu pandemii spowodowały zwiększenie zainteresowania technikami dezynfekcji niszczącymi przede wszystkim wirusy. Jedną z  takich metod jest ozonowanie. Niebezpieczeństwo zakażenia może wynikać z  kontaktu materiału, np. przesyłki pocztowej, z  nosicielem wirusa, szczególnie asymptomatycznym. Możliwe jest także intencjonalne skierowanie skażonego listu w  celu wywołania zagrożenia. Wymusza to wypracowanie skutecznej metody dezynfekcji, która zapewni względne bezpieczeństwo odbiorcom. Jednocześnie aby umożliwić ewentualną identyfikację nadawcy, w tym m.in. na podstawie śladów daktyloskopijnych, niezwykle istotne jest stosowanie takich technik dezynfekcji, które nie zniszczą śladów kryminalistycznych. Ponadto, z punktu widzenia czynności wykrywczych, jest ważne ustalenie, czy ślady daktyloskopijne pozostawione na podłożu papierowym (np. list, koperta, dokument) poddanym ozonowaniu nie ulegają zniszczeniu.
17
51%
EN
Due to the common occurrence in aquatic environments, diatoms may be used in forensics in many aspects. These single-celled organisms are useful not only to support the diagnosis that the cause of death was drowning, but also to confirm whether the reservoir in which the corpse was found is the same as the one in which drowning has occurred. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of diatoms present on clothing and footwear can be used to confirm or refute forensic hypotheses and to determine whether a particular person has had contact with a particular water environment. The characteristics that predisposes diatoms to be used in forensics is a cell wall called a frustules – durable and resistant to most chemical compounds and to high temperature. The frustules can be recovered from many types of surfaces by different extraction methods, and based on its specific morphological characteristics, such as size, shape, ornamentation, the particular species of diatom can be identified.
PL
Okrzemki ze względu na powszechność występowania w środowiskach wodnych mogą być wykorzystywane w kryminalistyce w wielu aspektach. Te jednokomórkowe organizmy są przydatne nie tylko do wsparcia diagnozy, że przyczyną śmierci było utonięcie, lecz także do potwierdzenia, czy zbiornik wodny, w którym ujawniono zwłoki, jest tym samym, w którym doszło do utonięcia. Analiza składu ilościowego i jakościowego okrzemek na odzieży oraz na obuwiu może posłużyć do potwierdzenia lub obalenia wersji kryminalistycznych oraz ustalenia, czy konkretna osoba mogła mieć kontakt z określonym środowiskiem wodnym. Cechą predysponującą okrzemki do wykorzystania w kryminalistyce jest trwała i odporna na większość związków chemicznych oraz na wysoką temperaturę ściana komórkowa nazywana pancerzykiem. Pancerzyk ten można izolować z wielu podłoży, poddając je ekstrakcji różnymi metodami, a ze względu na jego specyficzne cechy morfologiczne – wielkość, kształt, ornamentację – ustalić, z jakimi gatunkami okrzemek mamy do czynienia
EN
The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of sex tourism as an international criminal law and social problem - in the aspect of social and forensic issues, in reference to current measures of criminal law protection. The authors analyzed the theoretical as-pects of sex tourism and described the phenomenon by detailing criminal and social prob-lems. The aim of the study was to analyze legal literature, social and forensic problems related to sex tourism and to analyze the directions of scientific research.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska turystyki seksualnej, jako międzynarodo-wego problemu prawnokarnego i społecznego - w aspekcie problematyki społecznej, kry-minalistycznej w odniesieniu do aktualnych środków ochrony prawnokarnej. Autorzy analizując aspekty teoretyczne seksturystyki opisali zjawisko poprzez wyszczegółowienie problemów prawnokarnych oraz społecznych Do realizacji postawionego celu posłużyła analiza przepisów prawokarnych, literatury przedmiotu, problemów społecznych i kryminalistycznych związanych z turystyką seksualną oraz analiza prowadzonych w tym kierunków badań naukowych.
RU
Цель статьи - представить феномен секс-туризма в международном уголовном праве, а также как проблему в аспекте социальных и судебных вопросов применительно к текущим мерам защиты уголовного права. Авторы проанализировали теоретические аспекты секс-туризма и описали это явление, детализируя криминальные и социальные проблемы. Цель исследования состояла в том, чтобы рассмотреть правовую литературу, социальные и судебные проблемы, связанные с секс-туризмом и проанализировать направления научных исследований. Ключевые слова:
PL
Zgodnie z teorią inteligentnego projektu pewne zjawiska biologiczne i kosmiczne zostały zaprojektowane przez istotę inteligentną, która równie dobrze może być naturalna, jak nadnaturalna, a projekt ten jest wykrywalny naukowo. Krytycy twierdzą jednak, że teoria ta nie jest naukowa, gdyż stosuje wyłącznie argumentację negatywną, a więc jest niepoprawnym argumentem z niewiedzy czy też próbą umieszczenia Boga w lukach wiedzy naukowej. W artykule pokazuję, że teoria inteligentnego projektu posiłkuje się – i musi się posiłkować – zarówno argumentacją negatywną, jak pozytywną. Metodologiczną podstawą tej teorii nie jest argument z niewiedzy, lecz tzw. wnioskowanie do najlepszego wyjaśnienia, będące formą rozumowania abdukcyjnego. Można wykazać, że wnioskowanie do najlepszego wyjaśnienia ma szerokie zastosowanie w nauce – opiera się na nim również teoria ewolucji – zwłaszcza w naukach zajmujących się wykrywaniem projektu, jak archeologia czy kryminalistyka. Samo w sobie nie przesądza to o naukowości teorii inteligentnego projektu, ale może za tym mocno przemawiać.
EN
According to intelligent design theory, certain biological and cosmic phenomena were designed by an intelligent being, which could just as well be natural as supernatural, and this design is scientifically detectable. Critics claim, however, that this theory is unscientific because it employs solely negative argumentation and thus it is an invalid argument from ignorance or an attempt to place God in the gaps of scientific knowledge. In the article, I show that intelligent design theory employs – and must employ – both negative and positive argumentation. The methodological basis of this theory is not an argument from ignorance but the so-called inference to the best explanation which is a form of abductive reasoning. It could be shown that inference to the best explanation has wide application in science – evolutionary theory is based on it too – especially in sciences engaged in the design detection, such as archaeology or forensics. In itself, it does not settle the scientific status of intelligent design theory but it could be a strong indication of this.
PL
Autor analizuje metodologiczną specyfikę takich dziedzin nauki jak kryminalistyka, kryptografia, archeologia czy program SETI, wskazując, że wbrew twierdzeniom zwolenników teorii inteligentnego projektu, którzy utrzymują, iż stosują analogiczną metodologię, teoria ta istotnie się od nich różni na płaszczyźnie metodologicznej i nie posiada znamion naukowości.
EN
Author analyzes the methodological specificity of such scientific disciplines as forensics, cryptography, archeology or SETI program showing that intelligent design theory, contradictory to claims of its proponents, applies essentially different methodology and there is no indication that it is a scientific theory.
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