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‘OSOBA’ – kategoria gramatyczna?

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EN
The author states that the grammatical description of a language should be conceived in the frame of the theory: “meaning > form”. As an example to prove the adequacy of that statement she presents an outline of the semantic analysis of the grammatical category of person. The traditional grammar presents ‘person’ as an inflectional category of the verb, exponent of the formal congruency of the verbal predicate with its implied argument in the form of the nominative noun phrase. From the semantic point of view ‘person’ is the central category guaranteeing success full act of linguistic communication: it enables us to identify correctly active participants of the speech event, as also those active in the spoken of event.
EN
The author states that there are in our vocabulary three, and only three, classes of semantic units: a) predicates, i.e. generic concepts – the result of our conceptualization of the world; they represent more than 90% of the vocabulary; b) operators of reference – a small, almost closed set bounding predicates to their concrete denotates; c) proper names, which are by definition referentially bound and are object of research of a specialized linguistic discipline. Thus, the main tasks of our grammar are (1) to define and to describe the scope of the grammaticalization in the language in question and (2) to present the semantic classification of predicates, the description of their – bound and/or free – functioning in the text included.
EN
This article discusses the notion of paradigms and its applicability in linguistics. After reviewing relevant literature, the article assumes a broad understanding of the term, influenced by the work of Kuhn and classical approach to paradigms, Goodman on ways of worldmaking, Chalmers on argumentation and progress in philosophy, and Santana on ontologies of language. The author postulates the existence of three possible paradigms in the study of language: the formal paradigm (where language is considered to be a formal object), the mentalist paradigm (language as an instrument of thought), and the communicative paradigm (language as an instrument of communication). The article concentrates on generative grammar, developed over the years by Noam Chomsky, and demonstrates how generativism changed in its approach to language and grammar, exemplifying both the formal paradigm (early generative grammar, culminating with Syntactic Structures), and the mentalist paradigm (manifest already in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax and Cartesian Linguistics), with its recent focus on biolinguistics.
PL
Artykuł omawia pojęcie paradygmatu i jego możliwe zastosowanie do analizy rozwoju współczesnego językoznawstwa, na przykładzie językoznawstwa generatywnego. Autor przyjmuje szerokie rozumienie paradygmatu, w którym istotny jest sposób postrzegania i tworzenia świata, a także przyjęta ontologia, nowe pytania badawcze i sposób prowadzenia argumentacji (takie podejście inspirowane jest pracami zarówno Thomasa Kuhna, jak i Nelsona Goodmana, Carlosa Santany oraz Davida Chalmersa) i wyodrębnia trzy paradygmaty we wspólczesnych badaniach nad językiem: formalny (język jako formalny obiekt badań), mentalistyczny (język jako narzędzie myśli) i komunikacyjny (język jako narzędzie komunikacji). Podstawowym celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że w historycznym rozwoju myśli generatywnej Noama Chomsky’ego, a zwłaszcza w sposobie definiowania przedmiotu badań (języka), doszło do przejścia od paradygmatu formalnego (w najwcześniejszych pracach) do paradygmatu mentalistycznego, widocznego już w pracach z okresu teorii standardowej, a współcześnie rozwijanego w ramach biolingiwstyki.
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