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Habermasův pojem komunikativní racionality

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EN
The aim of this article is to critically evaluate Habermas’ concept of communicative rationality. This concept is an expression of the far-reaching attempt to rehabilitate rationality, which would then make possible a theoretical grounding for the practical project of a just society. Communicative rationality, which has been a part of Habermas’ considerations of politics and society from roughly the mid-seventies up to today, is the result of his attempt to adopt the pragmatic turn in analytical philosophy (and at the same time to go beyond this turn). Formal pragmatics, in the framework of which communicative rationality is formulated, draws above all from the theory of speech acts of John L. Austin and John R. Searle and from – primarily Dummett’s – pragmatist semantics. It is with the help of the concepts articulated by these authors that Habermas attempts to reveal “the validity basis of language”, presenting a specific linguistic normativity which is characterised by a basic emancipatory dimension.
CS
Cílem předložené stati je kriticky zhodnotit Habermasův pojem komunikativní racionality, tedy koncept, který je výrazem dalekosáhlého pokusu o rehabilitaci racio­nality, jež by umožnila teoreticky ukotvit praktický projekt spravedlivé společnosti. Komunikativní racionalita, která provází Habermasovy úvahy o politice a společnosti přibližně od poloviny sedmdesátých let minulého století až do současnosti, je výsledkem jeho snahy připojit se k pragmatickému obratu v analytické filosofii (a zároveň tento obrat překročit). Formální pragmatika, v jejímž rámci je komunikativní racio­nalita formulována, těží především z teorie řečových aktů Johna L. Austina a Johna R. Searla a z – primárně Dummettovy – pragmatistické sémantiky. Právě za pomoci konceptů artikulovaných těmito autory se Habermas pokouší odkrýt „platnostní základ řeči“, předvést specifickou jazykovou normativitu, která se vyznačuje podstatným emancipačním rozměrem.
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The aim of this study is to refute the frequent and repeated critical objections to Singer’s almost four-decades-old argument against speciesism. These objections are based, above all, on misunderstanding. There is misunderstanding not only of the argument itself, but also of Singer’s methodological starting point, which we have termed “Singer’s ethical razor”. In the text we show why it is not possible to reject Singer’s utilitarian argument only by rejecting utilitarianism en bloc. In the same way, we show why it is not appropriate to charge Singer with failing to extend his ethics to include plants and lifeless nature. In fact the opposite is true because Singer clearly demonstrates how environmental ethics relating to the protection of the wild can be based on the same principle of the equal consideration of interests which is the basis for the moral unacceptability of speciesism.
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