Search results

1

FALL BARBAROSSA 22 CZERWCA 1941 ROKU – WALKI NA TERENIE 08. PRZEMYSKIEGO REJONU UMOCNIONEGO

100%

Zając T.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2015

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vol. 51

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issue 1(13): Historia Wojskowości

127-158

EN

The year 1941 was crucial for the hostilities in Europe during the Second World War. The changes connected with reshuffling of the allies at that time were the outcome of the attack of the Germans and their allies eastwards. The region of the present Podkarpackie Province saw the bloodiest conflict in the history of humankind. This article, based on relevant literature and archival sources, is supposed to present the events of 1941 on both sides of the river San, where the military activities on the eastern front started as part of the Fall Barbarossa. Towns like Przemyśl and Sanok had been imprinted in the memory of German, Slovakian and also Soviet soldiers, who had fought here since 22 June 1941. What is well remembered from that period is also the presented in the article Soviet fortification system later called the Molotov Line.

2

The Bronze Age Fortifications in Munar “Wolfsberg”, Arad County. The 2014 and 2017 Archaeological Researches

100%

Sava V., Gogâltan F.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2017

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vol. 12

75-100

EN

In spite that the Bronze Age site Munar “Wolfsberg” has been depicted on the Josephine topographic survey (late 18th century), the first scientific data focusing on this site occurs at the beginning of the 20th century. As “Wolfsberg” did not have the dimensions of the nearby prehistoric fortifications at Sântana and Corneşti, the site was not targeted by archaeological investigations and it has only been occasionally mentioned in the secondary literature so far. During the year 2014 a team of researchers have started the investigations with the site’s topographic survey, followed by a systematic ground survey, geophysical measurements, as well as aerial photographs. Three years later, a small test trench was excavated in order to attempt dating the Middle Bronze Age tell in terms of the absolute chronology

3

FORTYFIKACJE MIEJSKIE RACIBORZA W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH

100%

Turakiewicz R.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

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2019

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issue 1(96)

63-84

EN

Main point of The article is to gather and sum up knowledge about Racibórz fortifications considering results of archeological research. Town battlements in Racibórz were built in the late medieval. To present day only small part of them has been preserved, which would define as 8% original medieval defensive walls. Main objective of the archeological research were thorough localization of fortifications line (gates, towers and battlements). Research work envisages recognition tectonics, construction and building materials of defensive walls also relics of town gates and towers, establish construction battlements in relation to level of original soil and to stratification of colonization layers within the city limits. There have been established many of archeological excavations, in order to perform these intentions, which enables until now to make a discovery relics of two from three town gates (Odrzańska Gate and Great Gate), one of the destroyed tower and more than 70 meters of defensive walls.

4

Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

88%

Gawlik A., Godlewski P.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

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2009

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vol. 1

83-99

EN

Excavations at site 1 in Witów, in the years 2004 – 2006, were a continuation of rescue excavations started in 2002. Excavations covered three areas most likely to be destroyed. At the foot of the promontory (trench 1) a sequence of cultural strata dating from the Neolithic (Funnel Beaker culture) through the Bronze Age (Lusatian culture) until the Roman period was unveiled. In trench 2 excavation works were continued on the remains of fortifications (embankment with elements of wooden structures) connected with the Lusatian culture. Within the trench no. 3 next settlement features of the Lusatian culture and early Medieval skeletal graves were discovered. The most interesting discoveries in the reporting period include the Lusatian burials in trapezium-like pits, unearthed in the trench no. 3. Due to its equipment (including ceramics of the “knob” style) and 14C dating, they should be tied with the origins of the Lusatian culture. Other interesting findings were also silver coins (denarii) from a Medieval cemetery. Research in seasons 2004 - 2006 proved most of the conclusions reached in previous seasons: the multicultural nature of the site, high intensity of the Lusatian culture settlement, and the presence of fortifications of this culture.

5

The medieval fortifications at Banganarti after the 2016 season

88%

Drzewiecki M.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2017

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vol. 26(1)

301-309

EN

The state of preservation of Banganarti’s unique medieval mud-brick fortifications and the deposits accumulated against them allows a study of the history of these defenses and their immediate surroundings. Trenches excavated in the northeastern corner of the fortifications in 2016 gave a full cross section, starting with the layers preceding the construction of the defenses, through two phases of the fortifications and ending with traces of secondary use of the ruins.

6

A Possible Monastery and the ‘Upper Maqs’ at Ukma-Akasha West?

88%

Edwards D. N.

Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)

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2019

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vol. XXXII

53-79

EN

This paper summarises previously unpublished records relating to a series of unusual, and perhaps associated enclosed medieval settlements in the area of Akasha and Ukma West, excavated in 1969 by the Archaeological Survey of Sudanese Nubia. When excavated, one site, namely [21-N-11], which contained a small church, was thought likely to have been a monastery. An unusual site close by is also briefly discussed. Two other enclosed sites, and perhaps a further uncompleted example, have some features in common with the putative monastic site, although other functions may be considered. That some of these might relate to the historically recorded government ‘customs post’, the ‘Upper Maqs’, is also possible. While definitive identifications are not possible, a number of features of these sites, which cannot be easily paralleled elsewhere in Nubia, suggest their wider interest, and that they merit further study.

7

Military Aspects in the Spatial Development of Polish Cities in the Nineteenth Century

88%

Łupienko A.

Acta Poloniae Historica

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2016

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vol. 114

PL

Military issues were deemed vital in the European politics of the nineteenth century. The aim of this article is to trace the most important implications of the ‘military bias’ of state authorities in the border region between the three empires (Germany, Russia and Austria – later the Austro-Hungarian Empire) which occupied the Central and Eastern part of the continent. Military authorities sometimes exercised a particularly strong influence upon urban policy. The two major issues addressed in this article are the fortifications (their creation, strengthening, and spatial development) which influenced urban sprawl – though perhaps not so much as is maintained in the scholarly literature – and the development of railways. The directions and tracks chosen for the railways were also influenced by the military plans, which in turn often differed much from the visions of the urban officials who made up the administration of the city.

8

Central Asian köshks from the Islamic period before the Mongol conquest: fortified, semi-fortified or unfortified?

75%

Piekarz P.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2019

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vol. 28(2)

493-508

EN

In their external appearance, the Islamic-period köshks in Central Asia, especially the characteristic buildings with corrugated outer walls, dated broadly speaking from the 7th–8th century AD to the times of the Mongol conquest at the beginning of the 13th century, are apparently fortified. However, they lack a number of features characteristic of defensive buildings. Their interpretation as residential structures in this period is indisputed, hence their apparent defensiveness has been attributed to a line of evolution from pre-Islamic architecture of this type, which played a military role. A review of various defensive elements present in these structures, compared with buildings from an earlier period, highlights this process. An apparent exception is the Great Kyz Kala at Merv, Turkmenistan, which may have not lost its defensive capacity immediately, as recent research by the UCL Institute of Archaeology Ancient Merv Project has demonstrated.

9

Terra Incognita: Results of Polish excavations in Albania and Montenegro

75%

Dyczek P.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2017

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issue 16

351-369

EN

One of the most important issues in Illyrian archeology today concerns the origins of Illyrian cities. The excavations at Rhizon have provided new data on the subject where many elements of the ancient urban architecture have been recorded. First, the monumental defense walls so called – Cyclopean wall. The lower town was divided into districts, but it was not an orthogonal plan. The architecture of the houses in generally Hellenistic in nature, but always a variation on the standard model in use each of the six insulae. Despite the limited size of the excavation compared to the overall size of the town, three separate bathrooms with terracotta baths have been unearthed, including a bathtub for children. In considering the urban structure of Rhizon the archaeologists had to come to grips with the question of the ruling authority and its architectural emanation. In terms of the functioning of royal authority in Illyria, the discovery of a palatial complex in Rhizon has added immensely to our knowledge. The older complex, included a megaron-type hall with a central hearth, storerooms and large courtyard The area was rebuilt after the event. The rubble was leveled, the storerooms reconstructed. The old megaron was turned into a kitchen and/or banquet hall attached to the new palace, which was built in part in the old courtyard. Part of the courtyard now served as a roadleading along the new palace facade. The younger palace was raised of neatly dressed ashlar blocks of limestone joined by the Greek technique of anathyrosis. Excavation in the other capital of Illyria, Scoder, open the way to interesting considerations in reference to the above. One of the most interesting discoveries was made during an investigation of a cistern constructed in Venetian times and rebuilt by the Turks. Two inscriptions, one whole and the other fragmentary, were immured into the central pillar supporting the roof of the cistern. Three inscriptions were preserved on one of these two blocks. On the one ofthe Latin text, Scoder is mentioned as a Roman colony. In late Roman times Scoder was the capital of the Praevalis province. The wall, excavated by us, surrounding the lower town dates to this period. One of the mysteries of Scoder was a bulwark below the north wall of the fortifications The present investigations have identified the wall as a defensive structure raised by the Venetians during the Turkish siege of 1478/1479. Three other interesting discoveries concern the 17th and 18th centuries. A set of almost 30 glass aryballoi were found in the ruins of one of the Turkish houses. Another hoard, found this time in a water sewer which is always interesting to the archaeologist, contained a small bag of silver coins struck in Dubrovnik in the early 17th century as well as a series of majolica vessels covered with a colored glaze and even some imported Chinese porcelain. An apothecary's shop in the lower town yielded the remains of scales, vessels and a well preserved small tin pyxis The inscription on its cover identifies its content as „thyriaca”, an antidote known to English apothecaries as Venice treacle.

10

Remains of the Neglected Past. Ottoman Forts on Planinica Hill, Montenegro

63%

Bugaj U., Lutovac P., Trzeciecki M., Bogacki M., Chwiej M., Novak M., Polak Z.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. 66

385–398

EN

Planinica — a hill situated on the edge of a vast mountain range delimited to the south-east by the Zeta Plain. It is a part of historical region known as Malesija inhabited mainly by the Albanians. During the field research on Planinica in 2012–2013 a group of stone structures was documented. It consists of circular stone tower surrounded by quadrilateral wall, several small enclosures of trapezoid or pentagonal plan and a network of roads leading to the top of the hill. The arrangement of the buildings indicates that the most likely function was military. They can be described as an observatory tower surrounded by small auxiliary forts. The complex of stone structures on Planinica was most probably built by the Turks after 1878 as a part of system of fortifications guarding newly established Turkish-Montenegrin border. The border survived until the Balkan War in 1912. After that Planinica was no longer been a point of military interest and the forts on its top have undergone progressive destruction. The stone structures on Planinica are not mentioned either in archaeological or historical publications in Montenegro, except the watchtower, which is interpreted as a prehistoric burial mound destroyed by the Turks. The buildings on Planinica hill remain “in the shadow” of the prehistoric stone tumuli, which represent a positively valorised, very distant past.

11

Historyczne, geograficzne i fortyfikacyjne uwarunkowania obszaru Cyrenajki. Charakterystyka i rola twierdzy Tobruk 1940–1941

63%

Aksamitowski A.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2014

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issue 3

83-96

EN

The article presents an outline of the history of Cyrenajka, from the ancient times until the seventies of the 20th century. The author focuses on the military development of the region as well as on its geographic determinants important for wartime activities. The fundamental part of the article provides a description of the development of the fortification system of the area of Cyrenajka. The author starts the description from the Lebanese-Egyptian borderline presenting the fortresses of Mersa-Matruh and Sidi-Barani, and then moves on to giving a description of the fortress of Bardia and the fortress of Tobruk, constituting the main area of the defense activities in the region of Cyrenajka. The article includes a detailed characterization of the fortress of Tobruk and its division into three (red, blue and green) defensive lines. The article also presents the defense points of the western part of the area of Cyrenajka – the so called desert position – such as the fortresses of Derna, where the huge airport of Martuba was situated, and the desert fortress of El-Mechili. In the summary, the author assesses the military significance of the fortress of Tobruk and the entire area of , for the course of the military actions undertaken during the Second World War as well as the role of the region after 1945.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zarys historii Cyrenajki, sięgając od czasów antycznych po lata 70. XX wieku. Autor skupił się głównie na ukazaniu militarnego rozwoju tego obszaru, a także jego uwarunkowań geograficznych dla działań wojennych. W zasadniczej części artykułu scharakteryzował rozwój systemu fortyfikacyjnego obszaru Cyrenajki. Wychodząc od pogranicza libijsko-egipskiego, ukazał obozy warowne (twierdze) Mersa-Matruh i Sidi-Barani, a następnie twierdzę Bardia i główny rejon obrony Cyrenajki – twierdzę Tobruk. Szczegółowo scharakteryzowano strukturę forteczną Tobruku i jego podział na trzy (czerwoną, niebieską i zieloną) linie obrony. W artykule przedstawiono także punkty obronne zachodniego obszaru Cyrenajki – tzw. pozycji pustynnej, m.in. forty w Dernie, gdzie znajdowało się wielkie lotnisko – Martuba oraz pustynny fort El-Mechili. W podsumowaniu dokonano oceny znaczenia militarnego tobruckiej twierdzy i całego obszaru Cyrenajki dla przebiegu działań wojennych prowadzonych podczas II wojny światowej a także militarna rolę tego miejsca po 1945 roku.

12

Fortified Sites at the Mouth of Wadis. Case Study of Abu Sideir and Abu Mereikh in the Fifth Cataract Region

63%

Drzewiecki M., Stępnik T.

Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)

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2014

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issue 27

95–119

EN

In the introduction, the question of how deeply the fortifications are connected to the surrounding external context and how far analysis of this feature can provide answers on the fortifications themselves is raised. Our deliberations are based on the analysis of the fortifications at Abu Sideir (AS), Abu Mereikh (AM) B and C in the Fifth Nile Cataract region. Initially, it seems as though these sites share many characteristics: they are located in the same region, not too distant from each other. The location of the fortifications in both cases is on the bank of the Nile, not far from large wadi valleys, and many traces of settlement and examples of rock art have been recorded in the vicinity. In both cases the mouth of the wadi at the Nile River appears to be an important factor, holding deeper significance and symbolism for consecutive groups of people who either settled here or passed through. These were obviously areas of increased economic, cultural and military activity and this is where these similarities end, since upon closer analysis more significant differences were revealed. Themes presented in rock art differ considerably. Sites connected to nomad’s temporal settlements were recorded only in AS. Size and diversity in cemeteries also differentiates those areas. AS and AM are located roughly 13 miles apart on opposite banks of the river. Consideration should be given as to whether all the social groups in this region interpreted this distance in the same way. Settled farmers and fishermen who had boats may have had a different concept of this distance compared to the herders, for whom a river crossing together with the herd would mean a need of search for a ford or narrow point and the risk of losing animals. So whereas contact between nomads and people from the settlements may have been frequent, contact between the nomads from the Eastern desert and those from the Bayuda desert could have been rare. This may well be the cause of some of the differences registered.

13

Architectural Studies of the Fortresses in the Third Cataract and Southern Dongola Reach Region

63%

Łopaciuk R., Wasik B., Wiewióra M., Cedro A.

Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)

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2014

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issue 27

233–256

EN

Architectural research within the area of the Third Cataract was conducted as a part of the rescue survey project the erection of a new dam on the Nile. The research concentrated on two fortresses situated on the left bank, in the vicinity of two modern settlements – Shofein and Marakul. The research was extended to embrace also two fortresses located in the Southern Dongola Reach, namely Bahit and Deiga. The works had a limited extent and their main purpose was to document and to describe architectural characteristics of the preserved walls of these complexes. The article is an overview of this research, enriched with some recently obtained data.

14

Budownictwo warowne jako narzędzie intensyfikacji władztwa na obrzeżach kraju. Casus Bezławek w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach

63%

Kwiatkowski K.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2021

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vol. 86

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issue 3

81-116

EN

The article concerns the chronological framework and circumstances of constructing a castle of the Teutonic Order in Bäslack (Bezławki). The research was based on written, mainly manuscript, primary sources. A detailed analysis has been made of the colonisation carried out by the Teutonic Order in the lower and middle course of the Dajna River, where this castle was built, in the region of Barten (Bartia). The analysis made it possible to date back the chronology of constructing the stronghold to the 1370s. It was also argued that the direct reason for erecting the castle was the conflict of the Bishop of Ermland (Warmia) Johann II Stryprock with the Teutonic Order, which had been escalating in the 1360s, and which ended only in 1374/1375. On the one hand, the construction of the castle in Bäslack was to symbolically emphasise the dominant position of the Teutonic Order in Prussia and its supremacy over the dominion of the bishops of Ermland. On the other hand, it was to serve as a tangible demarcation of the territory which was directly under the rule of the Teutonic Order in the region, where the border between the lands controlled by the Teutonic Knights and by the bishops of Ermland had not been firmly established, which was one of the causes of the aforementioned conflict.

15

Plan Kamieńca Podolskiego z 1793 roku przechowywany w Rosyjskim Państwowym Wojennym Archiwum Historycznym w Moskwie

63%

Opyrchał L., Nahnybida R., Płamienicka O.

Studia Geohistorica

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2022

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issue 10

74-85

EN

This article thoroughly discusses the 1793 plan of the fortress of Kamenets Podolskiy by Joseph Ekert, kept in the Russian State Military-Historical Archives in Moscow. To determine when it was made, Ekert’s plan was compared with the plans by Jan Schüller of 1773 and Dementiy Meleshchenkov of 1797. It is shown that Ekert’s and Schüller’s plans were based on the ‘Large Plan of Kamenets Podolskiy’, with only slight changes to the fortress defence structures, and that it is Ekert’s plan that presents a slightly earlier version of the fortifications. Ekert’s plan makes it possible to establish the original, unrealised concept of the Kamenec barracks location as designed by Stanisław Zawadzki.

PL

W artykule szczegółowo omówiono plan twierdzy Kamieniec Podolski Józefa Ekerta z 1793 r., znajdujący się w Rosyjskim Państwowym Wojennym Archiwum Historycznym w Moskwie. W celu ustalenia daty jego powstania porównano go z planami Jana Schüllera z 1773 r. oraz Dementija Mieleszczenkowa 1797 r. Wykazano, że choć plany Ekerta i Schüllera zostały wykonane na kanwie „Dużego Panu Kamieńca Podolskiego” z jedynie niewielkimi zmianami w strukturach obronnych twierdzy, to plan Ekerta przedstawia nieco wcześniejszą wersję umocnień. Plan ten umożliwia ustalenie pierwotnej, niezrealizowanej koncepcji położenia koszar kamienieckich Stanisława Zawadzkiego.

16

Odtworzenie przebiegu linii okopów z II wojny światowej (OKH Stellung b1) w Paśmie Jałowieckim i Grupie Mędralowej na podstawie numerycznego modelu terenu z danych LiDAR i badań terenowych

63%

Franczak P., Jucha W., Uniwersytet Jagielloński I. G. i. G. P., Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie I. G.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica

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2015

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issue 22

PL

Artykuł prezentuje możliwość wykorzystania modeli terenu pochodzących z danych LiDAR do odtworzenia elementów historycznych fortyfikacji polowych. Podczas badań odtworzono przebieg linii okopów pochodzących z II wojny światowej na obszarze Pasma Jałowieckiego i Grupy Mędralowej. W celu weryfikacji dokładności danych pozyskanych z LiDAR i identyfikacji form punktowych oprócz interpretacji modelu przeprowadzono kartowanie terenowe z użyciem GPS. Zaprezentowana w artykule metoda badań pozwala na zidentyfikowanie linii okopów rozmieszczonych na rozległym, często trudno dostępnym obszarze, przez co wskazana jest do stosowania podczas prowadzonych badań na obszarze Karpat.

EN

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data are very useful in geographical, historical and archeological studies. It is because of large ALS point cloud precision, which makes possibility of studying small forms in relief, such as unmetalled roads, historical agricultural systems, archaeological sites or old field fortifications, like trench lines. The aim of this article is test on the usability of LiDAR data in research of trench lines built during Second World War in Poland, in Beskidy Mountains. The study area chosen to this text was located in Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group in south-west of Małopolskie voivodeship, south of Poland (Fig. 1). Jałowiec Range and Mędralowa Mountain Group is a continuation to the north of the Massif Babia Góra (Beskid Żywiecki, Carpathians). The fortifications were been built in this area before and during the Second World War. The first objects were built by Polish Army in 1939 and second time there was built two large fortification lines 1944, by polish people forced to do it by german soldiers. The most objects in studied area were made on the slopes of Malikowski Groń. Objects founded in 1944 were preserved in good condition up to the present day (Tab. 1). The few objects have been transformed by the geomorphological processes and by overgrown trees and shrubs on them. These objects have survived to this day, because they were not damaged during hostilities. The research was performed on a piece of trench line on Malikowski Groń (760 ma.s.l.) about 12,2 km long (Fig. 3, Fig. 6), Lachów Groń (708 m a.s.l.) about 1,6 km long (Fig. 3) and Mędralowa Mountain Group (1169 m a.s.l) about 2,3 km long (Fig. 4). During the field test the plan of trench lines (Fig. 3C, 5B) was performed by using GPS mapping and by measurement of the size and depth of the trenches. Second plan (Fig. 3B, 5A) is the result of LiDAR data analyses and vectorization. After then the obtained results were compared in research analysis. The trench lines and objects are quite good visible in LiDAR data, but it is impossible to do the classification of point objects made in field observation (Tab. 1, 2, 3). However, as a general comment, it is the possibility to signing the object classes in neighbor areas by way of analogy to field testing research.

17

Plany odtworzenia fortyfikacji Wrocławia z lat 1807–1830

51%

Podruczny G., Wichrowski M.

Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy

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2021

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vol. XXII (LXXIII)

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issue 2 (276)

49-86

EN

The content of the article follows the process of designing the reconstruction of Wrocław’s fortifications between the years 1807–1830. The starting point for the authors consists of a detailed description of the state of preservation of the old fortifications after the completion of the demolition process by the French in 1807. This description is based on material held in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv in Berlin. The main content of the text comprises a presentation of ideas and concepts concerning the reconstruction of the fortifications. The concepts contained in several documents produced between 1807–1824 and in four drawing projects conducted between 1820–1830 have survived to this day. A number of individuals were involved in the discussion regarding the possible shape of the rebuilt fortifications, including the following officers: Grawert, Rode, Pullet, Harroy, Boyen, Grolman, Liebenroth and Schubert. The authors present an overview of the discussions and projects, the only trace of which is the moat around the Old Town that exists to this day, and on its back, a rebuilt and partially preserved promenade, that served at a time a terrain reserve for the provisional reconstruction of the fortifications.

RU

Цель данной статьи – проследить процесс проектирования реконструкции фортификационных сооружений Вроцлава в 1807–1830 гг. Отправной точкой для авторов является подробное описание состояния сохранности старых сооружений после завершения их сноса французами в 1807 г. Это описание основано на архивах берлинского ресурса Geheimes Staatsarchiv. Текст статьи содержит изложение идей и концепций реконструкции фортификационных сооружений. Концепции, содержащиеся в нескольких документах, созданных в 1807–1824 гг., и в четырех чертежах 1820–1830 гг., сохранились до наших дней. Около дюжины человек участвовали в обсуждении возможной формы восстановленных сооружений, включая офицеров: Граверта, Роде, Пуллета, Харроя, Бойена, Грольмана, Либенрота и Шуберта. Авторы статьи представили обсуждение проектов и дискуссии, одним из следов которых является ров вокруг Старого города, существующий до сих пор, а также построенный и частично сохранившийся за этим ровом променад, являющийся территориальным резервом для временной реконструкции фортификационных сооружений.

PL

Treścią artykułu jest prześledzenie procesu projektowania odbudowy fortyfikacji Wrocławia w latach 1807–1830. Punktem wyjścia dla autorów jest dokładny opis stanu zachowania starych fortyfikacji po zakończeniu procesu ich rozbiórki przez Francuzów w 1807 r. Opis ten bazuje na archiwaliach z zasobu berlińskiego Geheimes Staatsarchiv. Zasadniczą treścią tekstu jest prezentacja pomysłów i koncepcji na odbudowę fortyfikacji. Do dziś przetrwały koncepcje ujęte w kilku dokumentach powstałych w latach 1807–1824 oraz w czterech rysunkowych projektach z lat 1820–1830. W dyskusję nad możliwym kształtem odbudowanych fortyfikacji zaangażowanych było kilkanaście osób, w tym oficerowie: Grawert, Rode, Pullet, Harroy, Boyen, Grolman, Liebenroth i Schubert. Autorzy przedstawili omówienie projektów i dyskusji, po których jedynym śladem jest istniejąca do dziś fosa wokół Starego Miasta i zrealizowana oraz częściowo zachowana na jej zapleczu promenada, będąca wówczas rezerwą terenową dla prowizorycznego odtworzenia fortyfikacji.

18

Ampurdán (1659–1690) – studium strategii obronnej Hiszpanii względem Francji w epoce Ludwika XIV

51%

de la Fuente de Pablo P.

Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy

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2020

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vol. XXI (LXXII)

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issue 4 (274)

10-41

EN

The main aim of this work is to present the strategic problem of creating a new defense system, protecting the main route from France to Spain, and pointing out that that decisions on defense strategy made in a given country are not always the result of choosing the most logical solution but in many cases depend on internal conflicts and the characteristics of the chain of command. Disagreements between people who occupy different ranks in the military hierarchy and the constant changes in command posts, resulting from the influx of new officers, are an additional factor that makes such decisions difficult. The lack of clear criteria for strategy and continuation of the adopted line of action leads to the search for alternative solutions to the same problem. As a result, the problem remains unresolved. This article allows us to see how a lack of initiative during the period in question led to a situation where during the four conflicts that took place between Spain and France at that time (the War of Devolution, 1667–1668; the Franco-Dutch War, 1673–1678; the War of the Reunions, 1683–1684 and the War of the League of Augsburg, 1689–1697), the French troops invaded Spain crossing the undefended border at Ampurdán.

RU

Основная цель этой работы–представить стратегическую проблему создания новой системы обороны, защищающей основной маршрут, ведущий из Франции в Испанию, и показать, что решения относительно стратегии обороны, принятые в данной стране, не всегда являются результатом логического выбора, а во многих случаях даже зависят от внутренних конфликтов и характеристик конкретной цепочки командования. Разногласия между людьми, занимающими различные должности в военной иерархии, а также постоянные изменения на руководящих постах в результате притока новых офицеров являются дополнительным фактором, усложняющих принятие таких решений. Отсутствие четких критериев относительно стратегии и продолжения принятой линии поведения приводит к поиску альтернативных решений той же проблемы, в результате чего она остается нерешенной. Данная статья позволяет увидеть, что отсутствие инициативы в рассматриваемый период привело к ситуации, когда во время четырех конфликтов, имевших место в то время между Испанией и Францией (война за передачу полномочий, 1667–1668 гг.; война между Францией и коалицией, 1673–1678 гг.; война воссоединения, 1683–1684 гг. и война Франции с Аугсбургской лигой 1689–1697 гг.), французские войска вторглись в Испанию, перейдя незащищенную границу в Эмпорде.

PL

Głównym celem tej pracy jest przedstawienie problemu strategicznego, jakim było stworzenie nowego systemu obrony, chroniącego główny szlak prowadzący z Francji do Hiszpanii, oraz ukazanie, że decyzje dotyczące strategii obronnej, podejmowane w danym kraju, nie zawsze są efektem wyboru najbardziej logicznego rozwiązania, lecz w wielu przypadkach są uzależnione od konfliktów wewnętrznych oraz cech charakteryzujących dany łańcuch dowodzenia. Niesnaski pomiędzy osobami, które zajmują poszczególne stopnie w hierarchii wojskowej, oraz ciągłe zmiany na stanowiskach dowódczych, wynikające z napływu nowych oficerów, stanowią dodatkowy czynnik, który utrudnia podejmowanie takich decyzji. Brak jasnych kryteriów dotyczących strategii oraz kontynuacji przyjętej linii działania prowadzi do poszukiwania alternatywnych rozwiązań tego samego problemu. W efekcie problem ten pozostaje nierozwiązany. Niniejszy artykuł pozwala zobaczyć, iż brak inicjatywy w omawianym okresie doprowadził do sytuacji, w której podczas czterech konfliktów, do jakich doszło w tym czasie między Hiszpanią a Francją (wojna dewolucyjna, 1667–1668; wojną Francji z koalicją, 1673–1678; reuniony, 1683–1684 oraz wojna Francji z Ligą Augsburską 1689–1697) wojska francuskie najechały Hiszpanię, przekraczając niebronioną granicę w Ampurdán.

19

Niezrealizowany projekt przebudowy zamku Gryf autorstwa Valentina von Saebisch

51%

Świdrak M.

Architectus

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2019

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issue 1(57)

79-94

PL

W artykule omówiono nieznany dotychczas rysunek autorstwa Valentina von Saebisch odnoszący się do zamku Gryf. Choć rysunek nie jest datowany, to z pewnością powstał na krótko przed wybuchem wojny 30-letniej, dzięki czemu stanowi niezwykle cenne źródło wiedzy o przedmiotowej rezydencji. Rysunek ma podwójny charakter – zawiera szczegółową inwentaryzację zastanego wyglądu zamku, a także przedstawia proponowaną wizję jego przebudowy. Korzystając z inwentaryzacji, autor artykułu koryguje dotychczasowe tezy dotyczące wyglądu zamku na początku XVII w. Ponadto tekst omawia zaproponowaną przebudowę w kontekście współczesnej jej architektury rezydencjonalnej na Śląsku, mecenatu Schaffgotschów, a także twórczości Valentina von Saebisch.

EN

The article discusses the hitherto unknown design for remodelling of the Gryf castle drawn by Valentin von Saebisch. Even though the drawing is undated, it is clear that it was made prior to the Thirty Years’ War which makes it an invaluable source for research on the Gryf castle. The drawing has a double character – it contains a condition survey of the property and a design of remodelling of the residence. Using the condition survey, the article discards some of the hitherto hypotheses about the shape of the castle and provides new, credible information on the matter. Moreover, the paper delves into a comparison between the proposed design and the wider panorama of contemporary Silesian residential architecture, Schaffgotsch’s patronage and work of Valentin von Saebisch.

20

Inwestycje hetmanów w XVII wieku. Między interesem własnym a państwowym

51%

Bania Z.

TECHNE. Seria Nowa

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2022

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issue 9

25-40

EN

At the end of the 16th century, the principle of the lifelong functioning of the hetman’s office was established. Perhaps it is no coincidence that the performing of hetmans function resulted in large-scale, sometimes exceptionally modern investments, they were: Zamość, Żołkiew, Brody, Stanisławow, Kudak and Okopy Św. Trojcy. The defense of the south-eastern borderland territories, where the hetmans had their greatest latifundia, initiated the creation of fortresses, centers of these latifundia, and at the same time created an effective system of defense of the entire state against Tatar and Turkish threats and Cossack uprisings. Stanisław Koniecpolski stood out, initiating the creation of a number of smaller fortresses – the most famous of them is Kudak - or Nowy Koniecpol, strengthening Bar with more modern fortifications, thinking about creating a Knight School in Lviv. What is worth emphasizing is the evolution of defense devices from simple bastions like in Żołkiew, through Brody bastions to modern, with panache designed fortifications surrounding Lviv at the end of the 17th century built on the initiative of Hetman Stanisław Jabłonowski. Another interesting problem are the mutual relations between the fortress and the residence, such as Brody and Podhorce, Lviv and Podkamień. The hetman-latifundists did not try to modernize the acquired older castles, such as Stanisław Koniecpolski, who did not modernize the sixteenth-century bastion system of castles in Mikuliniec and Jazłowiec. The Hetman’s office began to function as a permanent element of the political system of the Republic of Poland relatively late, so the hetman’s presence in the Senate was ensured by such additional dignities as the chancellor’s office – Zamoyski, Żołkiewski, and the castellan of Krakow – Koniecpolski, Jabłonowski. Only Stanisław Koniecpolski felt the need to emphasize his additional dignity by founding in the capital of Myślenice eldership, which was an endowment of the castellan dignity, in Myślenice a chapel for the miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Summing up, the founding initiatives of the hetmans as state ministers and latifundists in the 17th century are extremely closely intertwined, which resulted from their involvement in the organization of the protection of their own estates most often located in the eastern borderlands of the country, particularly exposed to military actions in the 17th century.

PL

W końcu XVI wieku ustaliła się zasada dożywotniego funkcjonowania urzędu hetmańskiego. Być może nieprzypadkowo sprawowanie tej funkcji przez hetmanów owocowało zakrojonymi na wielką skalę inwestycjami, niekiedy wyjątkowo nowocześnie pomyślanymi; były to: Zamość, Żółkiew, Brody, Stanisławów, Kudak i Okopy Św. Trójcy. Obrona południowo-wschodnich terytoriów kresowych, na których bądź w pobliżu których, hetmani posiadali swe największe latyfundia inicjowała powstawanie twierdz, centrów tych latyfundiów a jednocześnie tworzyły te dzieła skuteczny system obrony całego państwa przed zagrożeniami tatarskimi, tureckimi, powstaniami kozackimi. Wyróżniał się Stanisław Koniecpolski, inicjując powstanie szeregu mniejszych twierdz – najsłynniejsza z nich to Kudak – czy Nowy Koniecpol, umacniając bardziej nowoczesnymi fortyfikacjami Bar, myśląc o stworzeniu Szkoły Rycerskiej we Lwowie. Godna podkreślenia jest ewolucja urządzeń obronnych od nieskomplikowanych bastei-puntone jak w Żółkwi, poprzez bastiony Brodów do nowoczesnych, z rozmachem zaprojektowanych fortyfikacji otaczających Lwow w końcu XVII wieku z inicjatywy hetmana Stanisława Jabłonowskiego. Interesujący jest problem wzajemnych relacji twierdza – rezydencja, jak Brody i Podhorce, Lwow i Podkamień, Czy istniały namiastki takich powiązań twierdzy i rezydencji w przypadku Zamościa i Żółkwi, Stanisławowa? Hetmani-latyfundyści jednocześnie nie dążyli do modernizacji pozyskanych starszych zamków, jak na przykład Stanisław Koniecpolski, który nie unowocześnił szesnastowiecznego systemu bastejowego zamków w Mikulińcach i Jazłowcu. Urząd hetmański stosunkowo późno zaczął funkcjonować jako stały element systemu politycznego Rzeczypospolitej, zatem hetmanom obecność w senacie zapewniały takie dodatkowe godności jak kanclerska – Zamoyski, Żołkiewski, oraz kasztelana krakowskiego – Koniecpolski, Jabłonowski. Tylko Stanisław Koniecpolski poczuwał się do podkreślenia swej dodatkowej godności fundując w stolicy starostwa myślenickiego, stanowiącego uposażenie godności kasztelańskiej, w Myślenicach kaplicę dla cudownego wizerunku Najświętszej Marii Panny. Podsumowując inicjatywy fundatorskie hetmanów jako ministrów państwa i latyfundystów w XVII wieku są wyjątkowo ściśle ze sobą splecione, co wynikało zaangażowania ich w organizację ochrony własnych posiadłości najczęściej usytuowanych na Kresach wschodnich państwa, w XVII wieku szczególnie narażonych na działania militarne.

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Niezrealizowany projekt przebudowy zamku Gryf autorstwa Valentina von Saebisch

Inwestycje hetmanów w XVII wieku. Między interesem własnym a państwowym