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EN
Research background: Misleading financial reporting has a negative impact on all stakeholders since financial records are the primary source of information on financial stability, economic activity, and financial health of any company. The handling of them is primarily the responsibility of managers or owners and reasons for doing so may differ. Their common denominator is the artificial creation of information asymmetry to get different types of benefits. It is, therefore, logical that the issue of detecting opportunistic earnings management comes to the fore. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the study is to create a discriminant model of the detection of earnings manipulators in the conditions of the Slovak economy.  Methods: We used the discriminant analysis to create a model to identify fraudulent companies, based on the real data on companies that were convicted from misleading financial reporting in connection with tax fraud in the years 2009-2018. The model is inspired by the Beneish model, which is one of the most applied fraud detection methods at all. Findings & Value added: In order to achieve more accurate detection results, we extended the original model by taking into account the values of indicators from three consecutive years, i.e. by taking into account the development of the potential tendency of companies to be involved in opportunistic earnings management. Our model correctly identified 86.4% of fraudulent companies and overall reaches 84.1% classification ability. Both models were applied on empirical data on 1,900 Slovak companies from the years 2016-2018, while their overlap was 32.7% for fraudulent companies and 38.4% for non-fraud companies. This is a very useful result, as the application of both models rein-forces the results obtained and the identical classification of the company into fraudulent indicates that the manipulation of earnings occurs with a high probability.
EN
Objective: The main objective of this article is to indicate differences between earnings management and fraud. Research Design & Methods: The research methods applied are based on a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, both in Polish and English, a comparative analysis of legal acts and inductive reasoning. Findings: Earnings management involves intentional and lawful actions undertaken by an entity’s management, aimed at changing the figures it reports, particularly earnings, in order to present the desired picture of the entity’s financial standing and economic position, as well as its achievements in financial statements for the purpose of misleading financial statement users or obtaining benefits guaranteed in managerial contracts. This is achieved by applying accounting judgment and estimates, changing these estimates, choosing specific methods from among the acceptable accounting methods allowed by the applicable accounting regulations, structuring of economic transactions or undertaking actual activities. Implications / Recommendations: Earnings management should not be identified with fraud, as earnings are managed within the framework of legal regulations in the field of accounting and taking account of solutions adopted in the accounting policy of a given entity. However, any abuse in this field, whether it involves departing from or violating the accounting principles or standards, may lead to intentional misstatements in financial statements – that is, fraud in its broad sense. Contribution: Inspiring further development of research on earnings management from the viewpoint of determinants or tools applied.
PL
Cel: Głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic pomiędzy kształtowaniem wyniku finansowego a oszustwem. Metodyka badań: Zastosowane metody badawcze opierają się na analizie krytycznej literatury przedmiotu, zarówno polsko-, jak i anglojęzycznej, analizie porównawczej aktów prawnych oraz metodzie rozumowania indukcyjnego. Wyniki badań: Kształtowanie wyniku finansowego stanowi celowe i zgodne z prawem działanie kierownictwa jednostki, którego zadaniem jest doprowadzenie do zmian w raportowanych danych finansowych, w szczególności zaś w wyniku finansowym, aby przedstawić pożądany obraz sytuacji finansowej i majątkowej oraz dokonań jednostki w sprawozdaniu finansowym służący wprowadzeniu w błąd użytkowników tego sprawozdania bądź osiągnięciu korzyści zagwarantowanych w kontraktach menedżerskich. Realizowane jest ono poprzez stosowanie osądu (szacunków) w rachunkowości, dokonywanie zmian tych szacunków, wybieranie określonych metod spośród akceptowalnych metod rachunkowości dopuszczonych obowiązującymi regulacjami rachunkowości, strukturyzację transakcji bądź podjęcie realnej aktywności. Wnioski: Kształtowania wyniku finansowego nie należy utożsamiać z oszustwem, gdyż odbywa się ono w ramach regulacji prawnych z zakresu rachunkowości oraz z uwzględnieniem rozwiązań przyjętych w polityce rachunkowości danego podmiotu. Jednakże nadużycia w tej kwestii, polegające na odstąpieniu czy też naruszeniu zasad bądź standardów rachunkowości, mogą prowadzić do umyślnego zniekształcenia sprawozdania finansowego, czyli oszustwa w szeroki znaczeniu. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Inspiracja do dalszego rozwijania badań nad kształtowaniem wyniku finansowego w odniesieniu do determinant lub zastosowanych narzędzi.
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