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EN
Fish are goods, as well as televisions and DVDs with films. Those examples are simple, but what about the rights for fishing, films transmitted by television signal, or electricity, are they goods or services? The line between these two concepts is not always clear. Is the distinction between goods and services necessary? The introduction of this article examines whether and why there is a need to distinguish goods and services. The second chapter will focus on the definition of goods in the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union2 (hereinafter the Treaty) and in the case law of the Court of Justice (hereinafter the Court). The differences between goods and services will be described in the third chapter illustrated with some examples. The conclusion will provide a simple guideline on how to subsume a case under the Treaty provisions on free movement of goods or services and examine whether the above-mentioned definition is still valid nowadays.
EN
The principle of proportionality in the EU legal order applies, among others, to actions taken by Member States in the situation where they are willing to use, permitted by the EU law, derogation from its provisions, in particular – in the area of internal market freedoms. Derogation from those freedoms will not be justified if it is not absolutely necessary. National regulations must therefore be proportionate to the objective that these restrictions are to protect. With respect to the free movement of persons, as an example of these goals, the protection of fundamental rights could be mentioned. It is vitally important for the realization of an internal market due to the existence of interesting interactions occurring between them and specific ways of applying the principle of proportionality when they collide with each other.
PL
Budowa jednolitego, konkurencyjnego rynku usług jest priorytetowym ce-lem Unii Europejskiej, ma on bowiem istotne znaczenie dla wzrostu gospo-darczego i tworzenia miejsc pracy. Bariery na rynku wewnętrznym uniemożli-wiają usługodawcom, w szczególności małym i średnim przedsiębiorstwom, rozszerzanie swojej działalności poza granice ich krajów i pełny udział w korzyściach z jednolitego rynku usług. Jego utworzenie wymaga zarówno zniesienia istniejących przeszkód na poziomie unijnym w działalności transgra-nicznej, jak i jednoczesnej reformy krajowych rynków usługowych, prowadzą-cej do ich mniejszego zróżnicowania. Mimo podjętych do tej pory działań, inte-gracja rynku usług jest na znacznie niższym poziomie niż rynku towarów, a jednolity rynek usług nadal nie istnieje. Istotnym problemem pozostaje frag-mentacja krajowych przepisów, co w przypadku usług transgranicznych ozna-cza konieczność ponoszenia dodatkowych kosztów ich przestrzegania. Nadal istnieją bariery wejścia i dostępu do świadczenia określonych usług w postaci m.in. wymogów w zakresie kwalifikacji zawodowych lub ograniczenia liczby usługodawców na rynku. Celem opracowania jest wskazanie istniejących istotnych barier, utrudniają-cych transgraniczne świadczenie usług oraz określenie priorytetowych działań związanych z ich usuwaniem i tworzeniem jednolitego rynku usług w Unii Eu-ropejskiej w najbliższych latach.
EN
Construction of a single, competitive market in services is a priority objec-tive of the European Union. It is essential for economic growth and job creation. The development of smaller and medium-sized enterprises is hindered by barri-ers in the internal market, that slow down or even prevent the expansion abroad. The creation of the single, competitive market requires the elimination of exist-ing obstacles at EU level in cross-border activities, as well as a simultaneous reform of national services markets. Despite all the previously taken measures of integration the development of a services single market leaves far behind of the same effort on the common goods market. The significant problem are the differences in national regulations. Service providers offering cross-border ser-vices are facing additional costs. Moreover, the entry into a foreign market be-comes more complicated because of rules like requirements for professional qualifications or a fixed maximum number of service providers. The aim of the paper is to identify existing significant barriers that impede cross-border services and explain the most significant recent efforts to over-come existing barriers in the internal market.
EN
The article presents legal determinants of realisation of free movement of services by the example of posting of workers. The article explains the circumstances of passing the directive 96/71, as well as the increasing problems with its application in UE Member States and EU Court of Justice case-law in the following years, which led to the passing of an important amendment of the directive in 2018.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono aktualne zasady delegowania pracowników na podstawie przepisów o koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego. Omówiono proponowane zmiany przepisów Unii Europejskiej z tego zakresu. Przedstawiono ocenę i zagrożenia. Uwzględniono w tej ocenie stanowisko partnerów społecznych, instytucji właściwej i ekspertów.
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