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EN
This paper focuses on August von Kotzebue’s play “Der Freimaurer” [The Freemason], as a piece within the prolific genre of comedies about freemasons which emerged in the 1740s, and a work which includes numerous worldview-related allusions. In this context, the author extensively discusses the life and the oeuvre of the playwright who thus far has not been devoted any thorough study in Polish, apart from relatively brief mentions in works on the period and writers he had inspired.
PL
Na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w Ameryce Środkowej tworzą się grupy antypozytywistów, skupione wokół sieci intelektualnych i lóż masońskich. Ich twórczości poświęciłem kilka lat badań, czego rezultatem jest seria artykułów. Niniejszy tekst poświęcony został trzem filozofom i myślicielom: José Leonardowi y Bertholetowi, Feliksowi Rubenowi Darío i Augusto Cesarowi Sandino. Łączącą ich transcendentalność odnajdziemy nie tylko w wolnomularskiej przynależności, ale przede wszystkim w tekstach ich autorstwa publikowanych w dziennikach, listach oraz innych dokumentach. Ich analiza posłuży do interpretacji wpływu myśli owych intelektualistów na budowę środkowoamerykańskiej tożsamości narodowej.
EN
At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, in Central America an anti-positivist group was formed, centered around intellectual networks and Masonic lodges. For several years I have been exploring these intellectual circles and a series of texts are the effect of this work, one of which I present below. The article is devoted to three philosophers and thinkers: José Leonard y Bertholet, Felix Ruben Darío and Augusto Cesar Sandino. The transcendentality that connects them, we can find not only in the Freemasonry, but above all in their texts published as articles, letters and other documents. Analysis of these documents will serve to interpret the influence of intellectuals' thoughts on the construction of Central American national identity.
RU
Строгий стиль виленского классицизма представляет собой крупное явление в архитектуре Восточной Европы наряду с барочным классицизмом, ампиром и рациональным направлением. В статье определен круг построек, имена создателей, характерные черты, особенности и значение виленского классицизма. Значительно расширены сведения о творчестве выдающегося литовского архитектора Л. Стуоки-Гуцявичюса. Доказано, что в 1780-е годы по его проектам было осуществлено строительство дворца католического архиепископа и перестройка костела кармелитов в Могилеве. Показан характер распространения строгого стиля виленского классицизма в архитектуре белорусских и литовских земель. Строгий стиль сознательно выбирало для своих построек патриотически настроенное местное дворянство, демонстрировавшее в повседневной жизни спартанское -рыцарское- поведение. Благодаря этому был создан облик -храмовидного- усадебного дома с простым объемным построением и величественным классицистическим портиком на главном фасаде.
EN
"Strong" style of Vilnius classicism was a great phenomenon in the East European architecture and existed side by side with the baroque classicism or empire style or "rational" style.The paper determines the range of buildings, names of creators, characteristic features, peculiarities and significance of Vilnius classicism. It provides a deeper knowledge of the works of the famous Lithuanian architect V. Stuoka-Gucevičius. It is proved that in 1780 the project of the catholic Bishop's Palace and reconstruction of the Carmelite's Church in Mogiliev have been carried out by this architect.Spreading of Vilnius classicism "strong" style in the Belarussian and Lithuanian architecture was determined. The patriotic domestic nobility chose this style consciously because of their demonstration of the "knight" behavior in everyday life. Thanks to this style a temple appearance of a house was created by a simple space organization and grand classic portico on the main facade.
PL
W artykule wyjaśniono, w jaki sposób nauczanie św. Józefa Sebastiana Pelczara, zwłaszcza w dziedzinie życia społecznego, a także w odniesieniu do kwestii politycznych i gospodarczych, było w dużej mierze pod wpływem atmosfery politycznej epoki oraz wydarzeń, takich jak koniec państwa kościelnego, Komuny Paryskiej oraz ogólnym wzrostem socjalizmu, antyklerykalizmu i Masonerii. Józef Stefan Pelczar starał się znaleźć odpowiednie odpowiedzi na te zagrożenia dla kościoła, zwłaszcza poprzez promowanie różnych organizacji katolickich.
EN
The paper explains how the teaching of St J. S. Pelczar, especially in the area of social life, and in respect to political and economic questions, was largely influenced by the political atmosphere of the age, and the events such as the end of the Papal States, the Commune of Paris, and the general rise of socialism, anti-clericalism and freemasonry. J. S. Pelczar tried to find adequate answers to these threats to the Church, especially by promoting various Catholic organisations.
Studia Ełckie
|
2023
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
307-329
PL
W publicystyce katolickiej Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej masonerię oskarżano często o dążenie do zniszczenia Kościoła i wyrugowania religii z życia społecznego. Przypisywano jej powiązania z Żydami i inklinacje satanistyczne. Enuncjacje dotyczące wspomnianego zagadnienia były emanacją „czarnej legendy” wolnomularstwa, rozpowszechnianej od dawna w środowiskach zachowawczych, zwłaszcza katolickich. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wizerunku masonerii jako organizacji walczącej z Kościołem i będącej przyczyną laicyzacji, czy też dechrystianizacji społeczeństwa w rodzimym kraju i na świecie, jaki był kreowany w prasie katolickiej Polski międzywojennej.
EN
In the Catholic journalism of the Second Republic, Freemasonry was often accused of seeking to destroy the Church and eradicate religious life from society. It was attributed to its connections with Jews and satanic inclinations. Enunciations on the aforementioned issue were therefore an emanation of the “black legend” of freemasonry, which had long been spread in conservative circles, especially Catholic ones. The purpose of this article is to show the image of Freemasonry as an organization fighting against the Church and being the cause of secularization, or de-Christianization of society in the home country and the world, as it was created in the Catholic press of interwar Poland.
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EN
The revolution in Russia was not conceived among workers and peasants, as it has been accepted in popular historiography. It was a project with intelligentsia roots and an esoteric background. The aim of the article is to show the long occultist path that led to Bolshevism and communism, whose origins date back to the times of Peter I and his reforms, carried out in the spirit of Western Gnosticism with the help of secret societies. In the 19th century Russia was captured by an occult frenzy, which combined various currents of thought and made the society treat the revolution as a mystical action leading to the construction of a new world. The issue we deal with in the article covers a wide range of interrelated social, political and cultural phenomena over the three hundred years of Russian history, for which the international context is extremely important. For obvious reasons, we do not aspire to exhaust the subject. The text is intended to draw attention to the actual profound causes for the origination of Bolshevism and communism, creating a scientific basis for a study that will be soon brought out in the book form.
PL
Mit, pojmowanym jako alegoria lub wyraz emocji człowieka, w zmieniającym się kontekście kulturowym ciągle na nowo aktualizuje zawarte w sobie treści. W analizowanym poemacie symboliczny, motywowany wolnomularskim światopoglądem podtekst opowieści o rywalizacji mieszkanek Olimpu o miano najpiękniejszej, objaśnia istotę masońskiej koncepcji złotego wieku, opartej na wszechpotędze piękna (miłości) harmonii siły (władzy) i mądrości. Parys, przyjmując dar Wenus, ulega ułomnej zmysłowości, niweczy harmonię świata i pogrąża go w chaosie.
EN
Myth, understood as allegory or an expression of human emotions, continuously redefines its content in the changing cultural context. In the poem analyzed here, the subtext of the narrative about the contest among the three goddesses of Olympus for the title of ‘the fairest’ is motivated by the Masonic worldview and serves explaining the Masonic concept of the Golden Age, based on the prevailing power of beauty (love), and harmony of force (power) and wisdom. Paris, by accepting the gift from Venus, yields to the imperfect sensuality and thus destroys the harmony of the world and engulfs it in chaos.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2017
|
vol. 12
|
issue 7
120-141
EN
Elegia żałośna, scil[icet], Tryumf francmasonów z wygnania jezuitów z Petersburga, signed by Wincenty Wierzbiłowicz, was composed in the circle of freemasons, soon after the expulsion of the members of the Society of Jesus from the then capital of the Russian Empire. The poem, which refers to the events that were painful to the Jesuits, is saturated with irony and derision. Even its title is ambiguous as in an ‘elegy’ the reader should be presented with poetry expressing grief and lamenting some loss. Yet the author of this composition proclaims his joy over the misfortune that befell the Jesuits. He discredits the value of their teaching and casts serious doubt upon the special bond with Christ that the Jesuits claimed to have. Also, he is sure that the removal of the followers of St Ignatius from Saint Petersburg will wipe out their sense of superiority over the “commoners” and put an end to their infamous equivocation. Wierzbiłowicz describes the Jesuits as “villains”, and the principles and ideas they expounded are associated by him with “filth”. At the end of the poem, its tone changes. The author applauds the designs of Alexander I. Initially, the tsar intended to unite all religions as one and to revive spiritual life beyond the confines of particular denominations. He planned to establish a universal Church. The idea of freedom of religion, propagated by freemasons, concurred with his venture. Freemasons supported Alexander’s initiative and voiced their conviction that, as the Jesuits had been expelled from the Russian capital city, no one could hinder the implementation of the project. It is not known if the Jesuits prepared any direct response to Elegia żałośna, but the reputation and respectability of the order were definitely defended by Józef Morelowski, a Jesuit poet from Połock (now Polatsk, Belarus). In his works, he attacked freemasonry, arguing that members of masonic lodges spread lies about the Society of Jesus.
EN
“Clidophorus” (from Gr. κλειδόφορος “The Bearer of the Key”) was John Toland’s treatise (1720) on the history of exoteric and esoteric philosophy. He extensively argued in support of the thesis that the entire philosophical heritage of ancient philosophers of all cultures was but a façade purposely devised by them to protect and hide a deeper, ‘esoteric doctrine’ from the general public. The author of “Clidophorus,” while undermining validity of the then known philosophical heritage, has totally won over the 18th-century standard understanding of that which is ‘esoteric’ and ‘exoteric’, especially within the Masonic movement. He also likely influenced the emergence of the related nouns (esotericism, l’esoterisme, Esoterismus). “Clidophorus” is Toland’s outstanding contribution to the two-fold profile, clearly visible in the general climate of opinion of the Enlightenment era: one rational, progressive, lay, reformist, and highly educated, the other completely entranced by every charlatan’s promise of initiation into supposedly ancient, esoteric truth.
PL
Klucz do oświecenia: „Clidophorus” Johna Tolanda i jego wielka teoria doktryn ezoterycznych i egzoterycznych  „Clidophorus” (albo „Klejdoforos”, z gr. κλειδόφορος „Niosący Klucz”) to traktat Johna Tolanda dotyczący dziejów filozofii podzielonej na „ezoteryczną” i „egzoteryczną”, napisany w 1720 r. Jego autor argumentował na rzecz tezy, że całe dziedzictwo starożytnej filozofii, we wszystkich kręgach kulturowych, nie jest niczym innym, jak tylko fasadą, celowo wzniesioną przez starożytnych filozofów, aby chronić i ukryć ich głębszą, „ezoteryczną” doktrynę przed wzrokiem gawiedzi. Autor „Klejdoforosa” tym samym podrywał wiarygodność wszystkiego, co stanowiło znane wówczas dziedzictwo filozofii- kwestionował całą filozoficzną tradycję. To jednak, w jaki sposób pojmował on podział na „ezoteryczną” i „egzoteryczną” filozofię, zrobiło w XVIII stuleciu zawrotną karierę, zwłaszcza w lożach wolnomularskich. Jest on więc także, najprawdopodobniej, głównym odpowiedzialnym za zmianę sposobu myślenia, dzięki której w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku spotykamy w źródłach historycznych nieużywane wcześniej neologizmy: rzeczowniki „ezoteryka” i „ezoteryzm” (l’esoterisme, Esoterismus). „Klejdoforos” to zatem również znaczący wkład Tolanda w wykształcenie dwojakiego charakteru epoki oświecenia: z jednej strony racjonalnego, świeckiego, reformatorskiego i stawiającego na edukację, a z drugiej-idącego ślepo za każdą obietnicą, pochodzącą od każdego szarlatana, jeśli tylko zacznie on mówić o wtajemniczeniu w arkana prawdy „ezoterycznej”- a więc prawdy ukrytej i zastrzeżonej dla nielicznych.
10
45%
EN
Through three capital questions, this short essay tries to offer a general panorama and a better understanding of the proteiform complex body or Masonry. Through by a multi-level hermeneutic, this study get the ambition to be comprehensible both to Readers who are not used to this kind of literature and to the ones advanced and skilled in symbolic thought. The main important conclusion owes the quality of the symbolic level, which is the property to refuse a single interpretation: notwithstanding, this does not prevent from a clear historical and political evaluation of the phenomena under analysis, according the methodologies of social sciences. This political evaluability drives to the main valuable output of the essay, which concerns the anthropological statement that the logical label of Masonry, with this name or many others, it exists since always. Under the category of initiatory institution, we may consider the step between individual and society, and a society inside a larger one. Evolving from the needs of the individuals to the ones of social groups, the matter joins to the land of political sciences. The sociological meaning can be posed under analytic view in reason of the functionalist meaning emerging from the alternative couples status-quo/emancipation and conservatism/progressivism. Through by this perspective, anyway the theme seems not to reveal much more, because this “proteiform complex body” manifest itself as something too much complex in its inner core to be considered in a way or in another. What remains is strictly symbolic, with some theological and eschatological points that refuse to be posed under restrain.
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