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EN
Strawberries were the fruit that the Modernists and Modernism were very fond of. It thus should not be a surprise that strawberries also feature in Modernist prose texts of Katherine Mansfield. Although they make their appearance only in a couple of stories, and then merely for a brief moment, they should not by any means be treated as mere tiny blots belonging to the background. For when we take a closer look at them it turns out that, as is usually the case with Mansfield’s short stories, there is more to it than meets the eye. Seemingly unimportant, often unnoticed and therefore frequently underestimated, this small, sweet, red and fragrant fruit makes a significant statement in every text it is mentioned.
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EN
In this study, orcharding activity in the Isparta Province, Turkey, is analysed. Until a few years ago, the economy of Isparta was associated with hand carpet weaving, rose-growing and rose-oil extraction. However, over the last few years orcharding has attracted attention as the most important economic activity in Isparta. This is especially visible in the districts of Eğirdir, Gelendost, Senirkent and Yalvac where many kinds of fruits, specifically apples and cherries, are grown for the market. Physical geography features of Isparta have an important potential for developing orcharding. Suitable climatic conditions, fertile soils and fresh water resources, both surface and underground, are distinctive elements of this potential. In addition, irrigation projects, modern agricultural techniques, quality and resistible fruit types, appropriate fertilisation, pruning and disinfecting are human activities effecting the development of orcharding. Moreover, establishing modern and high capacity cold stores nearby the areas where fruits are grown is regarded an important factor increasing the value of Isparta fruits on the national and international markets. Thus, developing commercial orcharding in Isparta is gaining importance as a profitable activity as well as an opportunity for rural population for employment in fruit picking, storing, packaging and transporting. The emphasis of this study is put on current development of orcharding, distribution of apple, cherry, grape and other fruits production, reasons for this distribution and problems associated with orcharding in Isparta. Besides formal data collection, the findings obtained during field studies in Boğazova as well as on the Uluborlu-Senirkent and Gelendost Plains enable the authors to conclude that orcharding has become the most important rural activity in the region.
EN
While at first glance the difference between fruit and vegetables appears to be clear, there are some problematic cases. One of them is the tomato, which is commonly regarded as a vegetable, although – technically speaking – it is a fruit. The aim of the present paper is to explain the controversies concerning the classification of tomatoes and other similar examples. In particular, the prototype-based approach to categorisation appears to offer a better chance of revealing the mechanisms that stand behind the issue of categorisation, than the classical approach.
PL
Głożyna pospolita, jujuba pospolita lub chiński daktyl (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.; Rhamnaceae), to popularna w wielu częściach świata roślina uprawna. Jej owocem jest jadalny, owalny pestkowiec, który ma szerokie zastosowanie w kuchni i tradycyjnej medycynie. Jujuba jest uprawiana w regionach o klimacie umiarkowanym, podczas gdy podobna do niej głożyna omszona (Z. mauritiana Lam.) jest uprawiana w gorących i suchych regionach Indii. Największym producentem owoców jujuby na świecie są Chiny, choć w ostatnim czasie zauważalny jest wzrost zainteresowania produkcją tego owocu w innych częściach świata. Owoc jujuby zawiera 23 rodzaje aminokwasów, których nie ma w większości innych owoców. Zawiera również witaminę C, ryboflawinę i tiaminę. Główne składniki owoców jujuby są używane w połączeniu z innymi roślinami i owocami leczniczymi w tradycyjnej medycynie chińskiej. Liść jujuby, który jest głównym produktem ubocznym, był również używany w celach leczniczych od tysięcy lat. Jujuba ma wiele ważnych właściwości farmakologicznych i można ją uznać za cenne źródło nutraceutyków. Jest rośliną o dużym potencjale leczniczym w leczeniu chorób cywilizacyjnych, takich jak nowotwory, a także ważnym źródłem składników odżywczych, łatwo dostępnych w biednych regionach świata.
EN
Fruit market in Poland is covered by the regulations of the Common Market Organization for Fruit and Vegetables, which was established in 1996 in the European Union. The regulation covers fruit quality issues and the protection of the internal market by defining the rules of international trade. The support for fruit growers was emphasized on the internal market. The aim of the study was to show: the importance of fruit in human nutrition, changes in the level of consumption and production and development of directions of usage. The paper covers the period 1995-2012 in terms of acreage, crops and fruit, and 2001-2012 in terms of the production of processed fruit. In turn, the trade turnover with fresh fruit and milk are presented for the years 2009-2012. By 2003, it was a pre-accession period, and later − post-accession to the European Union. Such periods of study have been sanctioned by the availability of statistical data. The chemical composition of fresh fruit and berries varies greatly; water predominates (80-85%), while in the dry matter (15-20%) there are sugars, organic acids, pectins, tannins and aromatic substances that impart characteristic taste to them. In addition, fruit are a valuable source of vitamins C, B, provitamin AP , E, K and folic acid. The consumption of apples is particularly recommended, because they are rich in biologically active compounds reducing the risk of asthma, diabetes, obesity and other diseases. In addition their daily intake of at least 110 g reduces by 49% the probability of myocardial infarction in men. So far, the consumption of fruit and their products (in terms of fresh fruit) is in the range of 50-60 kg per person per year and this level is too low. Growing fruit in Poland in 2012 accounted for 2.3% of agricultural land and provided 5.2% of global production and 6.0% of the production of agricultural goods. The area is changing as well as yields. The process of concentration of production and the modernization of specific fruit trees and a change in production technology takes place. As a result, a smaller number of manufacturers provide higher and higher quality fruit. The area of growing apples, apricots, peaches and walnuts grows, while of pears, plums and cherries decreases. In the scope of shrubs and berry plantations there is an increasing area of planted raspberries, currants, chokeberry, high-bush blueberry, hazelnut and vines, and the decreasing area of strawberries and gooseberries. Fruit production is seasonal while consumer needs are constant. Hence, the role of storage, processing and trading of foreign fruit is important. From year to year there is an increasing trade turnover of fresh fruit and their processed products. Often, the same products are imported and exported. There are variations in the trade balance of fresh fruit and processed fruit. In total, in the years 2009, 2011 and 2012, Poland had a positive balance of foreign trade, while in 2010 negative.
EN
This paper analyses the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable producers. Research was carried out as an attempt to identify the variables that determine companies’ ability to achieve a competitive advantage. The results of qualitative research are presented in the paper. Interdependence of entrepreneurs’ opinions for both domestic and foreign markets was examined by means of ordinal correlation measures. The paper evaluates the different forms of cost-price, quality, innovation and marketing competitiveness.
EN
The article is supposed to describe the integration of the fruit and vegetable market in Poland as a consequence of Poland’s membership in the European Union. On the basis of my own research or available literature it can be stated that the increasing role of Polish fruit and vegetable producers results from EU funding (90% of fi nancial resources allocated for this sector went to Poland) and national budget. Thanks to the support new technologies were introduced and the Polish producers became stronger on the competitive market. It is said that about 20% of fruit and vegetable producers are the members of producer groups and organizations.
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EN
The use of GMOs brings numerous benefi ts at the same time raising fears of threats to human health and the environment. The aim of this study is to present the way GMOs are perceived by fruit and vegetables consumers, their attitude to genetic manipulations and knowledge of the presence of GMOs on the Polish food market. A survey conducted among 200 people served to accomplish this aim. The research shows that the majority of the respondents see GM foods as hazardous to health and they refuse to buy transgenic fruit and vegetables. At the same time 80% of them do not have suffi cient knowledge about GMOs, their cultivation and presence on the market as GM food. This also refers to a group of people with a university degree. As many as 1/3 of the surveyed do not know whether GMOs are present on the Polish market, and only 9% indicated GMOs share of over 60% of the market, while nearly 70% of the respondents pointed to the presence of transgenic fruit and vegetables, listing a number of their species. This shows the need for widespread education and dissemination activities.
PL
Zastosowanie GMO niesie wiele korzyści, budząc jednocześnie obawy przed zagrożeniami dla zdrowia człowieka i środowiska naturalnego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie sposobu postrzegania GMO przez konsumentów owoców i warzyw, ich stosunku do manipulacji genetycznych oraz wiedzy na temat obecności GMO na polskim rynku żywno- ściowym. Realizacji tego celu służyły badania ankietowe przeprowadzone na grupie 200 osób. Z badań wynika, iż gros badanych uznaje żywność GM z a niebezpieczną dla zdrowia i nie kupiłoby transgenicznych owoców i warzyw. Równocześnie 80% nie ma dostatecznej wiedzy na temat roślin GM, ich uprawy i obecności na rynku jako żywność GM, co dotyczy również osób lepiej wykształconych. Aż 1/3 respondentów nie wie, czy na polskim rynku jest żywność GM, a jedynie 9% wskazało jej udział na ponad 60%, zaś prawie 70% wskazało na obecność transgenicznych owoców i warzyw, wymieniając wiele ich gatunków. Wskazuje to na potrzebę szerszych działań edukacyjnych i upowszechniających.
EN
The Common Agriculture Policy’s Fruit Scheme and School Milk Program are EU-wide institutional attempts to encourage consumption of selected food products among children by increasing their availability in schools. The number of pupils participating in both schemes in Poland has reached more than 67% and 38% of the appropriate target groups. Pilot studies, carried out in 2010 and 2011, indicate what products are most preferred by Polish schoolchildren from among those made available to them through the schemes. Circa 86% of the surveyed children living in cities would like to obtain more milk products in schools, especially yogurts. In order to make both CAP schemes more nutrition-oriented the education component should be strengthened since the availability and the price are important, but not exclusive determinants of food choice.
EN
Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption is one of the main objectives of food and nutrition policy interventions worldwide. Public institutions, non-governmental organizations, research and health agencies together with market stakeholders undertake integrated initiatives to inform consumers about the health benefits of everyday fruit and vegetable intake. In the European Union several campaigns aimed at increasing produce demand have been launched in the nineties to improve the dietary patterns of the general population or specific consumer groups, such as children. However statistics show that fruit and vegetable intake in most EU states including new members is much below the recommended level. School-aged children, women and employees are currently the main target groups of “5 a day’ information and promotion activities aimed at increasing f&v consumption. In order to secure long-term effectiveness of such programs the main determinants of consumer choice in the food market should be monitored. Broad public-private partnerships, including producers and distributors seem to be the key to strengthening the efforts at “pushing’ market demand. Some of the campaigns developed and implemented in the European Union countries can be described as “5 a day’ best practices. The involvement of fruit and vegetable chain participants, cooperation and evaluation of undertaken interventions are further needed in order for the programs to become more efficient and widespread.
EN
The aim of the paper was to assess the competitive position of the most important producers of plant raw materials in the intra-EU trade in 2004 and 2008. The analysis covered such product groups as cereals, oil seeds, fruit and vegetable. The competitiveness was assessed with the use of a selected set of quantitative measures of international competitive position. Moreover, the shares of the studied countries in the EU trade were assessed as well as the relative intensity of plant raw materials export from each country.
EN
In this article we analyzed the secondary functions of the names of fruits, berries, mushrooms and vegetables in Russian and Polish. We investigate the function of these words in phraseology and their metaphorical usage. There are common and different features in Russian and Polish in this aspect. Among the differences, the following are analyzed : 1) the usage of different names of fruits, berries, mushrooms and vegetables in these languages (for example, zadat' percu in Russian and zadać bobu in Polish); 2) the usage of the hiperonim in one of these languages and usage of the hiponim in the other language (for example, grzyb in Polish and smorčok in Russian — about an old and sick person); 3) the usage of the names of fruits, berries, mushrooms and vegetables in one of these languages and the absence of such words in the other language (for example, Russian staryj hren and Polish stary piernik, Russian âbloku negde upastʹ and Polish nie ma gdzie szpilki wetknąć — ‘a lot of people’); 4) the differences in the meaning of the names of fruits, berries, mushrooms and vegetables in Russian and Polish (for example, Russian repa ‘head’ and Polish rzepka ‘knee-cap’).
RU
В статье анализируются номинации фруктов, ягод, грибов и овощей, выступающие во вторичной функции (в составе фразеологизмов и в метафорическом употреблении) в русском и польском языках. Выделяется общее и различное между этими двумя языками в данной области. Среди различий рассматриваются следующие: 1) употребление в этих языках названий разных фруктов, ягод, грибов и овощей (например, задать перцу в русском и zadać bobu в польском); 2) употребление в одном из языков гиперонима, а в другом гипонима (например, grzyb в польском и сморчок в русском — о старом и больном человеке); 3) наличие в одном из языков названия фрукта, ягоды, гриба или овоща при отсутствии таких номинаций в другом языке (например, в русском старый хрен — в польском stary piernik, в русском яблоку негде упасть — в польском nie ma gdzie szpilki wetknąć ‘о большом количестве людей, тесноте’; 4) различия в значении номинаций фруктов, ягод, грибов и овощей в русском и польском языках (например, в русском репа ‘голова’ — в польском rzepka ‘коленная чашечка’).
PL
Celem badań była analiza porównawcza preferencji studentów uczelni wyższych oraz emerytów i rencistów w Lublinie, dotyczących produktów owocowych i warzywnych z grupy żywności wygodnej. Badania empiryczne z wykorzystaniem standaryzowanego kwestionariusza ankiety przeprowadzono wśród 200 studentów oraz 200 emerytów i rencistów. Określono m.in. poziom znajomości przez respondentów pojęcia żywności wygodnej, oceniono poglądy i postawy wobec tej formy żywności, powody zakupu i częstotliwość spożywania oraz istotność czynników wpływających na ich zakup. W analizowanych grupach zaobserwowano wiele cech wspólnych dotyczących preferencji nabywczych, ale także specyficzne różnice. Większość studentów i emerytów deklaruje nieznajomość terminu „żywność wygodna”. Poziom nieznajomości definicji nie koreluje jednak z praktyką nabywczą konsumentów, tj. większość z nich dokonuje zakupu produktów owocowo-warzywnych z grupy żywności wygodnej, bez świadomości terminologicznej tego typu żywności. Obie grupy badanych nabywają produkty wygodne średnio kilka razy w miesiącu, a główne powody zakupu to szybkość przyrządzenia, brak czasu i wygoda w przygotowaniu. Najczęściej zwracano uwagę na świeżość, smak i okres przydatności.
EN
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the preferences of students and pensioners in Lublin regarding fruit and vegetable products from the group of convenience food. The empirical research was carried out using a standardised questionnaire survey among 200 students and 200 pensioners. Among others, there were specified the level of knowledge of the concept of convenience food by respondents, the views and attitudes towards this form of food, the reasons for the purchase and frequency of consumption as well as the significance of the factors affecting their purchase was assessed. In the analysed groups, there were many common features regarding purchasing preferences as well as specific differences. Most students and pensioners declare ignorance of the term ‘convenience food’. However, the level of ignorance of the definition does not correlate with consumer purchasing practice, i.e. the majority of them purchase fruit and vegetable products from the convenience food group, without terminological awareness of this type of food. Both groups of respondents purchase convenience products on average several times a month, and the main reasons for purchasing are the speed of preparation, lack of time, and convenience in preparation. Most attention was paid to freshness, taste, and shelf life.
RU
Цель изучения – провести сопоставительный анализ предпочтений студентов вузов и пенсионеров в Люблине, касающихся овощных и фруктовых продуктов из группы кулинарных полуфабрикатов. Эмпирическое изучение с использованием стандартизированного опросника анкеты провели среди 200 студентов и 200 пенсионеров. В частности, определили уровень знания респондентами понятия «кулинарные полуфабрикаты», оценили мнения и отношение к этой форме пищи, причины покупки и частотность потребления, а также существенность факторов, влияющих на покупку их. В анализированных группах отметили много общих черт, касающихся покупательских предпочтений, но и специфические отличия. Большинство студентов и пенси- онеров заявляют о своем незнакомстве с термином «кулинарные полуфабрикаты». Степень незнакомства определения однако не коррелируется с покупа- тельской практикой потребителей, т.е. большинство из них покупает овощные и фруктовые продукты из группы кулинарных полуфабрикатов, без терминологической сознательности такого вида пищи. Обе группы опрошенных по- купают удобные в потреблении продукты в среднем несколько раз в месяц, основные же поводы покупки – быстрота приготовления, нехватка времени и удобство приготовления пищи. Чаще всего обращали внимание на свежесть, вкус и срок годности.
EN
Moderation, traditionally considered to be a value, in consumer societies seems to be understood differently or disappear altogether; overall, it ceases to be something desirable or something rewarding the hardship which ensues from work. According to Jean Baudrillard, contemporary French philosopher, a logical approach to commodities and objects in which work precedes its fruit, nowadays, is undergoing a severe deconstructive process. Phenomena such as buying on credit, as well as acquiring objects immediately and without any effort are becoming an abiding norm, whereas a lack of moderation and a growth in hedonistic attitudes are on a noticeable increase. The aim of this article is an analysis of the phenomena which lead to a subversion of a traditionally established logic – work precedes its fruit just as cause precedes its result. The article focuses on the new ethics begotten by consumer societies; the ethics in which work, frugality, thrift and moderation are no longer perceived as values which enable us to gain and enlarge our social status.
PL
Umiar – traktowany tradycyjnie jako wartość – w społeczeństwach konsumpcyjnych wydaje się być inaczej rozumiany lub też zanikać, przestaje być czymś pożądanym i wynagradzającym trud związany z pracą. Według Jeana Baudrillarda, współczesnego filozofa francuskiego, logiczne podejście do zdobywania dóbr i przedmiotów, w którym praca poprzedza jej owoce, ulega we współczesnych społeczeństwach dekonstrukcji. Obowiązującą normą staje się powszechne kredytowanie, posiadanie wszystkiego natychmiast i bez wysiłku, zaznacza się brak umiaru i wzrost postaw hedonistycznych. Celem artykułu jest analiza zjawisk, które prowadzą do odwrócenia porządku (praca poprzedza jej owoce, tak jak przyczyna skutek) oraz tworzenia się nowej etyki, w której praca, oszczędność, gospodarność, umiar nie są postrzegane jako wartości dające możliwość zdobywania i powiększania statusu materialnego.
PL
Idea zrównoważonego rozwoju, produkcji i konsumpcji powoli kształtuje świadomość Polaków, a podstawowym jej wyzwaniem jest realizacja odpowiedzialnej konsumpcji żywności. To od codziennych żywieniowych wyborów konsumentów będzie zależał ich stan zdrowia, jakość życia oraz stan środowiska przyrodniczego. Celem artykułu badawczego jest przedstawienie poziomu, struktury i zróżnicowania wydatków i spożycia owoców i warzyw w zależności od typu gospodarstwa domowego. W artykule wykorzystano dane pochodzące z badań budżetów gospodarstw domowych w 2016 roku. Podczas analiz zastosowano metody statystyczne, opisowe i porównawcze, zaprezentowano wskaźniki struktury, miary położenia oraz zmienności. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że poziom konsumpcji owoców i warzyw przez polskie gospodarstwa domowe jest zróżnicowany, przy czym skala tego zróżnicowania jest uzależniona od typu gospodarstwa domowego. Wśród determinant różnicujących gospodarstwa domowe są takie czynniki jak: przynależność do grupy społeczno-ekonomicznej, dochody, typ biologiczny, wykształcenie głowy domu czy lokalizacja gospodarstwa domowego.
EN
The idea of sustainable development, production and consumption is slowly shaping the awareness of Poles, and its primary challenge is the realisation of responsible consumption of food. It will depend on their health, quality of life and condition of the natural environment from everyday dietary choices. The purpose of this article is to present the level, structure and diversification of expenditure and consumption of fruit and vegetables, depending on the type of household. The article is based on data from household budget surveys in 2016. Statistical, descriptive and comparative methods were used. Structural indicators, measure of position and variability were presented. The analysis shows that the level of consumption of fruit and vegetables by Polish households is varied; the scale of this variation depends on the type of household. Among determinants that differentiate between households are factors such as socioeconomic membership, income, biological type, education of the reference person or household location.
RU
Идея устойчивого развития, производства и потребления медленно формирует сознание поляков, а основным же его вызовом становится осуществление ответственного потребления пищи. От повседневных питательных выборов потребителей будет зависеть состояние их здоровья, качество жизни и состояние природной среды. Цель исследовательской статьи – представить уровень, структуру и дифференциацию расходов и потребления овощей и фруктов в зависимости от типа домохозяйства. В статье использовали данные из обследования бюджетов домохозяйств в 2016 г. По ходу анализов применили статистические, описательные и сравнительные методы, представили показатели структуры, меры положения и изменчивости. Проведенные анализы показывают, что уровень потребления овощей и фруктов польскими домохозяйствами дифференцирован, причем масштаб отличия зависит от типа домохозяйства. В числе детерминантов, дифференцирующих домохозяйства, есть такие факторы, как принадлежность к социально-экономической группе, доходы, биологический тип, образование главы семьи или размещение домохозяйства.
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