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EN
In his article, the author presents problems related to the functioning of the oil production sector in the world and in Poland. He also discusses the prospects of national entities of the sector. The two companies – Orlen and Lotos – have modern processing plants at their disposal thanks to which they can have products which allow for obtaining an optimal model margin. The capacity of the refinery in Płock, which is owned by Orlen, stands at over 16 million tons of oil annually. In the case of Lotos, the refinery in Gdańsk can process about 10 million tons of oil a year. The two refineries are favourably located which allows for obtaining raw material through two independent channels – Russian oil through the “Przyjaźń” pipeline, and various types of oil transported by sea by Naftoport and the system of pipelines managed by the PERN company.
EN
Agricultural biogas production and its applications are some of the most favorable methods of receiving the energy at present. Thanks to using biogas both to the production of electricity and the warmth and as an engine fuel we can limiting consuming nonrenewable energy sources. Using biogas as a fuel contributing also to the reduction of the greenhouse effect mainly thanks to methane reduction.
EN
Energy security is an extremely important area of every country’s activity. The management of the energy sector affects immediate functioning of the entire economy, and further the state of the natural environment. After Poland’s integration with the European Union, our country had to comply with the Community regulations. The constantly growing interdependence between states is an extremely important tendency of modern civilization. Oil and gas resources are declining, but the demand for these raw materials is not diminishing. It is estimated that there will be enough coal for some time, but burning all its resources would be a huge burden for the environment, because in this way global greenhouse gas emissions would increase even more.
EN
This article describes different aspects of tax exemption and fiscal relief for liquid fuels. The common marking system to identify tax fuels was introduced by Directive 95/60/EC. It was explained the aim and the principle of functioning the system of identification of marker fuels.
EN
The paper presents selected issues for improving the composition of exhaust gases emitted by combustion engines by selecting the chemical structure of engine fuels. It focuses on the most important for the air quality issues of NOx and PM emissions by road transport. The mechanism of combustion is determined and new theorie of energetic description of chemical reactions is introduced. This theory takes into account the influence of the chemical reactions environment on its course. It has been formulated thesis that the chemical structure of the fuel affect the distribution of energy in the volume of the combustion chamber of the piston engines and consequently the formation of environmentally harmful components of the exhaust gas. Based on this theory, selected results of research on the combustion of microemulsifying fuels and vegetable oil were verified by verifying the pre-formulated thesis.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia poprawy składu spalin emitowanych przez pojazdy samochodowe poprzez dobór struktury chemicznej paliw silnikowych. Skupiono się na najistotniejszych z punktu widzenia jakości powietrza w aglomeracjach miejskich zagadnieniach redukcji emisji NOx i PM przez środki transportu. Przybliżono mechanizm spalania, wprowadzając nowe teorie energetycznego opisu reakcji chemicznych, uwzględniające wpływ środowiska reakcji na jej przebieg. Sformułowano tezę, że określone cechy struktury chemicznej paliwa mają wpływ na dystrybucję energii w objętości komory spalania silników tłokowych i w konsekwencji na powstawanie niekorzystnych dla środowiska naturalnego składników spalin. Opierając się na tej teorii zinterpretowano wybrane wyniki badań spalania paliw mikroemulsyjnych oraz oleju roślinnego weryfikując wstępnie sformułowaną tezę.
EN
his article investigates the issue of the environmental impact of car transport. This topic is discussed in the context of tribological processes, which result in increased fuel consumption and consequently increased emissions of exhaust gas components. Based on data found in the literature, the share of frictional resistance in the total fuel consumption of individual cars, trucks and buses was determined. Using statistical data for Poland, the effects of friction processes in individual vehicle groups on the annual CO2 emissions from transport vehicles were also determined. The final part of the paper presents the results of the preliminary research on the possibility of lowering the friction resistance in various friction nodes found in motor vehicles by introducing carbon nanomaterials into the lubricating oils.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom uciążliwości transportu samochodowego dla środowiska. Problematyka ta omówiona jest w kontekście procesów tribologicznych, których efektem jest zwiększone zużycie paliwa i w konsekwencji zwiększona emisja składników gazów spalinowych. Na podstawie danych literaturowych określono udział oporów tarcia w poszczególnych zespołach samochodów osobowych, ciężarowych i autobusów w sumarycznej konsumpcji paliwa. Wykorzystując dane statystyczne dla Polski określono wpływ procesów tarcia w poszczególnych grupach pojazdów na roczną emisję CO2 ze środków transportu. W końcowej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań nad możliwością obniżania oporów tarcia w różnych węzłach tarcia występujących w pojazdach samochodowych przez wprowadzenie do olejów smarowych nanomateriałów węglowych.
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