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EN
This paper attempt to define and classify contemporary television series produced in China (chin. dianshiju); (eng. Chinese drama) in terms of its genre, ori-gin, audience, structure, function and meaning, placing the phenomenon in a broader theoretical, cultural and historical context. The major textual study subject and exem-plification are reduced to melodrama, domestic drama, family drama, history drama, idol drama—representing the main types of dianshiju in the 21st century.
EN
The laws associated with aged women in the New Testament usually refer to widows. Two authors of Pastoral Epistles are trying to fill this gap, formulating generic imperatives. What is suprising in these imperatives is the terminology connected with aged women: presbytis (Tit. 2:3) and presbytera (1 Tim. 5:2). The morphological similarity of these terms with the well-known word "presbyter", preaches in a way that one suspects indicates not only age but also function. By analysis of preserved inscriptions - from Ephesus, where Timothy exercised his ministry, and from Crete connected with the Letter to Titus - we come to the conclusion that in local Jewish communities the office of female-presbyters is well known. These monuments shed a new light on the more difficult verses of Pastoral Epistles and pave the way for new interpretation, assuming that groups of aged women were part of the community of elders, or they were leaders. The existence of this practice is also provided by Epiphanius and the 11th Canon of the Synod of Laodicea.
EN
In current research on the subject, three dominant functions of advertising can be pointed out. These are: to inform, to persuade or to remind a recipient about the product. However, watching modern commercials in the media evokes a question about this typology being sufficient enough to cover the full spectrum of the commercial industry. The main goal of the article is to test the attitudes towards commercials in students in their junior year of the Journalism and Social Communication degree at the University of Łodź. This probe is exceptionally valuable, since many of these people in years to come will become involved in creating this type of broadcast by graduating with a “Advertising, Design and Visual Communication” major at our university. The experiment has been divided into three tiers, showing different types of TV spots in two of them. Doing this has enabled us to answer the question if watching these types of broadcasts can influence the attitude towards commercials and its functions on viewers.
EN
Mathematical Economics has been taught in selected majors on University of Economics in Katowice since several years. Very dynamic modifications of academic education system and lecture schedules bring cogitations, new ideas and also many problems to solve. Therefore, there are many subjects of discussion connected with mathematical economics. Among others we can mention the following:  number of hours reserved for lectures of mathematical economics;  mathematical methods and economic knowledge required to attend in lectures of mathematical economics;  propositions to add in interesting and new subjects to the mathematical economics schedule. The purpose of the article is to present selected problems connected with schedule and substance in teaching of mathematical economics.
EN
The aim of the article is an attempt at empirical verification of the function of marketing communication. The objective formulated in this way aims to assess the content that companies attribute in their strategies to the basic functions of marketing communication. Thus, it defines an interesting problem of the reception of communication functions by enterprises in the practice of promotional activities. This assessment was made possible by empirical research on a sample of 103 companies. Their selection was random and quota-based with the use of controls due to the industry and the size of employment. The study employed open interviews based on the CATI methodology. The structure of the presented consideration is presented in Figure 1. The work consists of two parts. The first part considers the morphology of marketing communication. It focuses on the structure of the function of marketing communication, and it identifies its three major functions. The second part refers to the results of empirical research and presents its empirical assessment. It aims to identify the actual objectives of communication in the context of its informative function and the principles and value of communicated messages-the forms of persuasion and influence exerted on consumers as well as the role of communication as a company's competitive strategy in the sector.
EN
The earliest culinary recipes found in England were written in Anglo-Norman and they date back to the end of the 13th century (cf. Hieatt & Jones 1986). ­e rst English instructions were mostly translated from these. It is the 14th and 15th centuries when the text type was thriving. Scully (1995: 5) calls the period “a hey-day for medieval cookery,” due to the greater availability of the culinary texts comparing to the earlier times. ­us, a discussion of the evolution of the English recipe should start from the 14th century. ­e majority of the available studies deal with the particular features of the culinary instruction, as for instance Culy (1996) who discusses the use of null objects. ­e main focus of the present paper is to provide a brief comparison of some selected features of the culinary recipes at different stages of their development. ­e discussion will proceed from the earliest available English culinary material, i.e., the medieval recipe, through the early Modern English texts to the contemporary cooking instructions. ­e issues which will be taken into consideration are: (i) the general structure of the recipe, especially the components found in the earliest texts, i.e., the heading and the procedure; (ii) the function of the recipe in the particular periods; and (iii) the intended audience for whom the recipes were written down.
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Funkcje gminnych rad seniorów

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EN
The aim of the article was to show the normative and non-normative functions of gmina senior councils in Poland. We have analysed the social environment of gmina senior councils and the normative grounds on which the councils function. For the purpose of this article, the following issues has been highlighted: a) the area of relations of the gmina senior council and gmina authorities; b) the relations of the gmina senior council and the self-government community; c) the relations of the gmina senior council and the local senior citizens; d) the relation between the gmina senior council and its members. The research shows that, apart from the particular functions of the gmina senior councils (consulting, advising, initiative), such bodies also carry out a number of additional functions, such as: pressurisation, the establishment of the civil society, activisation, integration, adaptation, revitalisation and education.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba ukazania normatywnych oraz pozanormatywnych funkcji gminnych rad seniorów w Polsce. Analizie poddano otoczenie społeczne gminnych rad seniorów oraz podstawę normatywną gminnych rad seniorów. W celu badań wyróżniono a) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – organy gminy, b) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – wspólnota samorządowa, c) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – seniorzy w gminie, d) płaszczyznę relacji gminna rada seniorów – członkowie gminnej rady seniorów. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że poza określonymi funkcjami gminnych rad seniorów (konsultacyjną, doradczą, inicjatywną) ciała te pełnią także funkcje nacisku, budowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, aktywizującą, integracyjną, adaptacyjną, rewitalizującą i edukacyjną.
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2020
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vol. 15
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issue 1
EN
The article aims at analysing the motif of dream and its function in fairy tales and stories by Hans Christian Andersen. The Dannish author wrote during the Romantic era when the unconscious was of great interest to the creators of all kind. It was widely acknowledged then that dreams are a gateway to a hidden reality, and therefore, they constituted a great creative material. In Andersen’s work, the oneiric narrative abounds, for instance in Little Ida’s Flowers and The Little Match Girl, and dreams perform multitudinoulsy functions, from familiarizing children with death, to unveiling fears. The examples of dreams presented in the article indicate to the fact that Andersen’s oeuvre was addressed not only to children, but also adults.
EN
Based on the analysis of the diachronic data in the Czech National Corpus, the paper aims to specify some of the possible functions that the particle -ť expressed in Czech written texts in the 14t–18th centuries. The study combines a quantitative and a qualitative approach. The first part presents a quantitative analysis based on a smaller corpus that is balanced in terms of time and genre. As a result of this analysis, the functions manifested by the -ť particle in a balanced corpus are specified. In the second part of the study, the dative function of the particle -ť is analysed using a much larger, yet unbalanced corpus. The third part of the paper includes a qualitative analysis based on selected texts that verifies the existence of a dative function of the -ť particle.
EN
In the paper, atheme of the old age is undertaken in order to present it as abroad plane of meanings, representing forms and imaginative constructions, which, inscribed in the concrete context that is, the realm of the medieval culture and literature of Serbia, establishes aspecific point of departure for considerations on the perception of the human age from the historical, ideological, theological perspective, etc. The principal problem of the reflection is aproblem regarding the form and function of the old age motif, its permanence and changeability in the sphere of the phenomenon’s examination, perceiving determined by many factors concerning above all the civilization type of culture, sum of its historical experiences, and the social integration level resulted from the whole of the general public and its world view comportments. There are many cultural and literary examples of realization and functionality of the old age motif in the medieval era, accompanied by their basic monographs, however, they mainly refer to the Latin, West Christian circle. In this accurate context, the output of the Eastern Christian world together with the Old Church Slavonic domain is rarely invoked and disputed. Undertaking the problems conjoined with the old age, it is therefore worth using the old writing of the Old Church Slavs, of which part is the Old Serbian literature. This literature may be interpreted as the motif’s representation, its widely usage and significant illustration.
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У реферату се представља тема старости на примеру средњовековне српске књижевности. На темељу изабраних текстова, углавном житијних, указује се мотив позних година, његова адаптација, реализација и функција у књижевном и идејном простору. Овај мотив разматра се пре свега у односу на библијску традицију, али такође он се овде анализира у широм културном аспекту. Дакле, у раду пропитује се начин функционисања мотива, објашњава се његово присуство у конкретним књижевним сценама – у казивању о смрти или опису јуначког одласка у монашки живот. Преглед неких од најчешћих икарактеристичних остварења теме старости у српским кнјижевним текстовима средњега века, доноси закључак да се она појављује као разнолика и чврсто повезана са многим другим културним топосима, да је она снажно обележена библијским узором, и коначно да укњижевности њено присуство и реализација су одраз једног, у великој мери позитивног/апотеозног, менталног става средњовековног – религиозног човека према људској судбини у овом и оном свету.
EN
The study deals with exploration of the origin and development of the British social anthropology. The author has defined its four principal features, which he considers to be, as follows: primarily deductive orientation, focus on the research into non-European societies, emphasis on applied anthropology and absence of standardized textbooks in the branch. The study aims at major schools and paradigms; simultaneously, the author deals with the analysis of key conceptions in the discipline, which include function and social structure in the British social anthropology. He also illustrates three dominating attitudes, which emerged in the discipline, by selected male and female representatives of the British anthropology. In particular, these include the diachronous (evolutionism, diffusionism), the synchronous (functionalism, structural functionalism) and the processual (Manchester School) attitude. He also demonstrates the narrow connection between the fieldwork concept and the dominating paradigm. In the conclusion of the study, the recent trends in the British social anthropology and its current situation are addressed.
EN
A family is a community which forms a natural and unique environment where a person is born, develops and grows up. It is one of the reasons why it is an important object of research. Although there have been many changes in the functioning of families – some of them worrying – and even though a family encounters a lot of obstacles relating to children’s upbringing, a family remains a fundamental and the most important social group. Spending time together by family members has a special place in forming a family community. Leisure time is indispensable for a proper functioning of an individual in their social environment. Children need help mostly from their parents to be able to use their free time well. This is why one of the most important roles a family has to play is to teach free time management. New, changing living conditions of a family raise a number of questions. This thesis includes a report of research relating to participation of professionally active parents in organizing their children’s free time and provides answers to these questions: What are the current forms of spending free time by children and adolescents?, and Do members of families spend their time together and how? This research was conducted in Wadowice district.
EN
When and how will one country take care of its workers who are left due to their injury, illness, death or old age without ability to care for their existence, and who contributed most of their life as tax payers. The role of the social system is just that. Social systems of intergenerational solidarity operate for decades in all European countries, regardless of their political and economic structure and level of development. Number of employees within a pension system is dependent on many factors, but it is also independent compared to the category of pensioners and possibilities of functioning of the pension system. The total number of beneficiaries directly derived from the number of employees in some earlier period, while the possibility of pension payments vary depending on the current number of workers. Some categories may behave differently in relation to the total number of employed in an economic system, but the functioning of the pension system is depending on this indicator. In Serbia, for years the number of deaths exceeded the number of births, large-scale migration of citizens, the progress of medical science as a factor of increased life expectancy of people, higher rates of unemployment, longer years of service until retirement and some other less significant factors influenced the disproportion in the number of employees in relation to the number of pensioners. This resulted in a very poor state of the pension system and caused the question of its future functioning. A social problem is getting more difficult to resolve, in quality and quantitative terms, because its main source of inflow of funds is in constant decline while expenditures are increased.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to present the cognitive possibilities given by textiles found in graves from the early Iron Age. Apart from information on techniques used in prehistoric weaving, they also allow, unfortunately only in certain cases, to determine their original function. Textile materials discovered up to now at cemeteries from Poland have been most likely the remains of shrouds, pouches or clothes. These remains, in combination with numerous textile materials from Europe, are an important source of information about the communities living in Poland in the early Iron Age. Undoubtedly, garments were one of the determinants of cultural affiliation in prehistory. It consisted of metal jewellery, commonly discovered during excavations, but also definitely less frequent finds of clothing remains.
EN
The use of the word functional in the most diverse theories and approaches has contributed in no small measure to the confusion in linguistics today. This article does not claim to give an overview of the different directions of functionalism in linguistics. Rather, the aim is to present what Coseriu‘s view characterised as functional in his time and to what extent his theory outlined a path that still makes sense in functional-cognitive linguistics today. This will involve an examination of Coseriu‘s difficult-to-identify concept of function. Furthermore, the article will also show that functional thinking is relevant for current grammatography.
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EN
From a pragmatic perspective, goaloriented communication focuses not only on the linguistic and situational context, but also on the speaker‘s intention and strategy. Using the example of three text excerpts, which represent three different text types, the aim of the article is to show which role adjectives play in different communication situations, which communicative purposes they are used for, and which functions they perform in different contexts. It is shown which linguistic and grammatical specifics lead to the fulfillment of a certain communication goal in connection with the intention of the text producer and the text function. Adjectives in contemporary German are examined from the action-oriented and function-oriented perspectives.
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2019
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vol. 29
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issue 3
5-16
EN
A method has been suggested which solves a multiobjective stochastic linear programming problem with normal multivariate distributions in accordance with the minimum-risk criterion. The approach to the problem uses the concept of satisfaction functions for the explicit integration of the preferences of the decision-maker for different achievement level of each objective. Thereafter, a nonlinear deterministic equivalent problem is formulated and solved by the bisection method. Numerical examples with two and three objectives are given for illustration. The solutions obtained by this method are compared with the solutions given by other approaches.
PL
Works by Belgrade artist Leonid Šejka (1932–1970) are usually considered fantastic, an embodiment of aesthetic ideals of Mediala Art Group he was a member of, an opposition to everything that Modernism stood for with its harsh formalism that expelled object. However, the complexity of Šejka’s opus as artist and theorist allows a different approach. In this paper, we turn to – so far neglected – Šejka‘s positive relation to Modernism, which he saw as a foundation for new aesthetic ideals. He understood that Modernism turned paintings into objects of empty forms void of function. Nevertheless, the future of painting, for him, resided in re-introduction of objects into painting in order to re-establish the necessary form-function relation, preserving, at the same time, Modernist traits. Šejka tried to demonstrate this in his mature works. He wrote about it in a series of writings, which contribute to our understanding of his opus.
PL
The paper analyzes the elements and strategies of Russian formalism applied to the Russian avantgarde zaum poetic experiment of Alexei Kruchenykh and Viktor Khlebnikov. In futuristic tendencies to create a trans-rational language or zaum language lies the idea of a new voice, sounds and semantic meaning. According to Russian poets the new semantic meaning of the word is obtained only in the process of performing a poem. Also, according to Russian formalism, sound of poem, in the performing process, has its own independent meaning. In this sense zaum experiment in its printed form does not possess a fixed resolution of meanings, but only has potential of meanings. The function of fixed forms, that during the process of performing is to form a new movable semantic meaning.
EN
The modern system of education needs revision of teaching methods, forms and tools of training, the embedding of new technologies into the educational process. Testing is a reliable and efficient way of diagnosing and monitoring of the skills. As a rule, tests in mathematics are designed to test the level of formation of practical skills. It is not enough for university graduates. Ability to prove statements is important for the future teachers of mathematics. Some topics of calculus are fundamental and do not permit formalities. Properly formed conceptual apparatus of the theory of limits lays the basis for successful mastery of the course calculus in general. It is proved that some topics of mathematical analysis are fundamental and do not admit the formalities. The aim of the article is the mainstreaming of the development of skills to prove the statements of theory of limits, the development of tests for the diagnosis, monitoring, training and providing of guidelines for their application. To achieve this goal the theoretical and empirical research methods are used. The authors have proposed a system of tests, which can serve different purposes in different combinations. We have divided the module “Theory of limits” into three main parts. For monitoring each of which we have created three tests: “Limit of a numerical sequence”, “Limit of a function”, “Continuity function”. This article is focused on the second test “Limit of a function”. To create the test we have used a different kind of test tasks: the task of the closed form (with a choice of one correct answer, multiple choice, modified with a choice of one correct answer, the task to establish compliance, to establish the correct sequence of steps of the proof), and the task of the open form (task on supplement, and task with detailed answer). The article gives a set of examples of the tasks. The focus is on the tasks that can be used for educational purposes, namely for the formation of skills to prove the approval. Test items which should be used for this purpose are shown. The prospect of further research is seen in the base of test tasks, creating a distance learning course and implementation of tests in online testing.
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