Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 15

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  functioning
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

POLACY WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM ŻYCIU DIASPORALNYM

100%
Chodubski A.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
|
2014
|
issue 1(12)
7-16 (10)
EN
The article is an attempt to produce an original insight into the functioning of the Polish milieus abroad. It presents an attempt at assessing the current position of the Polish diaspora; its organizational potential; cultural activities; the role of contemporary migration processess as well as the changing position of the Catholic Church. Because of the vast scope of the analytical field, the Author chooses to focus on selected aspects of the diaspora life – those that are, in his opinion, the most important nowadays.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Legitimacy of Restrictions on the Functioning of Single-Member Limited Liability Companies

88%
Szulc K.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
|
2018
|
vol. 10
|
issue 4
275-284
EN
The article discusses a vital problem of the legal restrictions imposed on single-member limited liability companies under the provisions in force. In the first part of the text, the author explores the binding regulations applicable to single-member companies and arranges them in a way that it is possible to classify them within the legal framework. In the second part, the author deals with the legitimacy of existence of the said restrictions on the functioning of single-member companies, analyses the superficiality of application of particular solutions, and defines the most significant directions of changes necessary to abolish the restrictions imposed on single-member limited liability companies.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Application of the catena concept in studies of landscape system dynamics

88%
Malinowska E., Szumacher I.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2013
|
vol. 17
|
issue 4
42-49
EN
The concept of catena in landscape surveys is used to demonstrate the surroundings of landscape units, their vertical structure and inter-unit processes, as well as the mosaic nature of the landscape. Furthermore, it reflects the structural and functional heterogeneity of the surveyed area, at the same time indicating types of links between landscape units, depending on a variety of geological, habitat-related and biotic conditions, including land use and its transformation arising from anthropopressure. The catena survey performed included four key morphological and lithological units with varied landscape structure and functioning: glacial upland, vast outwash plains, the Wisła River valley and deepened channel valleys, as well as dune hills and hillocks. The results prove that the functioning of landscape systems depends on the forms of land use and their durability. Characteristics of leading components in catenas are diverse despite a similar genesis of landforms and relief shaping processes.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Szanowni Państwo, W związku z rosnącą liczbą przypadków zachorowań na COVID-19, w trosce o bezpieczeństwo studentów i pracowników WSGE, Władze Uczelni w porozumieniu z Członkami Senatu WSGE oraz przedstawicielami studentów postanowiły, że zajęcia w miesiącach listopad i grudzień będą odbywały się w trybie on-line przy użyciu edukacyjnego pakietu Office 365 firmy Microsoft - aplikacji Microsoft Teams. Plan zajęć w ciągu najbliższych dni zostanie zaktualizowany, prosimy Państwa o sprawdzenie planu w systemie USOS przed najbliższymi zajęciami, jest on nadrzędny w stosunku do kalendarza w Teams. Zajęcia w Teams tworzone są na podstawie planu z USOS. Wszelkie niespójności co do planowanych zajęć prosimy zgłaszać do Biura Obsługi Kształcenia.

75%
Cola N.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2021
|
issue 1/46/2021
303-324
EN
Objectives: Since their explicit formulation at an international level, human rights have been the subject of a virtuous process of affirmation and expansion, even if this history has not always been linear and progressive and geographically there has been no homogeneous distribution, and currently, the greatest concern is for the implementation of second-generation rights and in particular social rights. Material and methods: For the implementation of social rights, Sen proposes an approach focused on capabilities understood as the possibility to realize functioning: the analysis focuses on human life and its actual content and in particular on the actual opportunities for human beings to realize their ends. In doing so, Sen enables us to understand that the means necessary for a satisfying human life do not coincide solely with its ends. Results: This simple observation provides us with empirical evidence of the weakness of the legal path of human rights, although the so-called legal revolution has contributed a great deal to the culture of human rights, their definition and implementation. Skepticism should not, however, take away the significance of the longer and more complex ethical path, the true one, according to some, capable of designing a more just society based, as Sen wants, on the possibilities of development of men and on their right to be men and to realize themselves according to their own competences and aspirations. Conclusions: The strength of rights does not lie in their legal nature, but in their ethical strength: they demand that those in charge of the fate of a state recognize them in each individual in the form of respect for certain freedoms and not in their being recognised as legally formalized and possessing their own legal value.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Zasadność ograniczeń funkcjonowania jednoosobowych spółek z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością

63%
Szulc K.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
|
2018
|
vol. 10
|
issue 4
264-274
EN
The article discusses a vital problem of the legal restrictions imposed on single- -member limited liability companies under the provisions in force. In the first part of the text, the author explores the binding regulations applicable to single-member companies and arranges them in a way that it is possible to classify them within the legal framework. In the second part, the author deals with the legitimacy of existence of the said restrictions on the functioning of single-member companies, analyses the superficiality of application of particular solutions, and defines the most significant directions of changes necessary to abolish the restrictions imposed on single-member limited liability companies.
PL
Artykuł porusza istotny problem ograniczeń prawnych, jakie obowiązujące przepisy narzucają jednoosobowym spółkom z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. W pierwszej części autor bada obowiązujące normy dotyczące jednoosobowych spółek oraz przyporządkowuje je celem właściwego zakwalifikowania ich w systemie prawa. W drugiej części, autor mierzy się z celowością istnienia wymienionych obostrzeń w funkcjonowaniu jednoosobowych spółek, analizuje pozorność zastosowanych rozwiązań oraz wskazuje na istotne kierunki zmian koniecznych do zniesienia ograniczeń nakładanych na jednoosobowe spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Wpływ otoczenia na funkcjonowanie organizacji

63%
Ciekanowski Z., Majkowska J., Załoga W.
Nowoczesne Systemy Zarządzania
|
2018
|
vol. 13
|
issue 4
45-58
EN
The study attempts to present the organization’s environment, which is the main subject of this study. Its aim was to characterize the elements of the environment and their impact on the functioning of the enterprise. The study describes the essence of the concept of organization and enterprise. The elements of the internal and external environment were diagnosed, as well as describes how individual dimensions of the environment affect the functioning of the company. To better reflect the impact of the environment on the company, an example of a small local transport company was presented.
PL
W opracowaniu podjęto próbę przedstawienia otoczenia organizacji, która stanowi główny przedmiot rozważań niniejszego opracowania. Jej celem było dokonanie charakterystyki elementów otoczenia i ich wpływu na funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstwa. W opracowaniu opisano istotę pojęcia organizacji i przedsiębiorstwa. Dokonano diagnozy elementów otoczenia wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego firmy, jak również opisano w jaki sposób poszczególne wymiary otoczenia wpływają na funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstwa. Dla lepszego odzwierciedlenia wpływu otoczenia na firmę zaprezentowano przykład małej, lokalnej firmy transportowej.
7
Content available remote

Współczesne konteksty znaczeniowe terminu „niepełnosprawność” – implikacje Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Funkcjonowania, Niepełnosprawności i Zdrowia (ICF)

63%
Byra S., Boczkowska M., Duda M.
Człowiek - Niepełnosprawność - Społeczeństwo
|
2016
|
issue 4(34)
15-31
PL
Artykuł zawiera teoretyczną analizę współczesnych kontekstów znaczeniowych terminu „niepełnosprawność”. Wychodząc od pierwotnego modelu medycznego, poprzez model społeczny i biopsychospołeczny, ukazany został proces kształtowania się tego pojęcia. Odwołano się do Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Uszkodzeń, Niepełnosprawności i Upośledzeń oraz jej zmodyfikowanej wersji – Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Funkcjonowania, Niepełnosprawnościi Zdrowia. Przybliżone zostało pojęcie niepełnosprawności zawarte w ICF, a następnie w głównej mierze skoncentrowano się na jego różnorodnych kontekstach znaczeniowych. Dokonana w ich obrębie analiza ukazuje złożony charakter samego zjawiska niepełnosprawności, zróżnicowane wymiary jego doświadczania, rolę czynników osobistych i kontekstualnych, a także skomplikowaną naturę powiązań między poszczególnymi komponentami ICF: funkcjonowaniem, niepełnosprawnością i zdrowiem.
EN
The article provides a theoretical analysis of the contemporary contexts of the meaning of the term “disability.” Starting with the original medical model, through the social and biopsychosocial model, it shows the concept development process. Reference is made to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps and its modified version – the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The article explains the concept of disability included in ICF and focuses mainly on the various contexts of its meaning. The analysis presented in the paper shows the complexity of the phenomenon of disability itself, different dimensions of disability experience, the role of personal and contextual factors, as well as the complex nature of relationships between the individual components of ICF: functioning, disability and health.
8

Efektywność funkcjonowania międzynarodowych organizacji gospodarczych

63%
Czerewko G., Czerewko I., Onyśko S.
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
|
2009-2010
|
vol. 5-6
|
issue 2 Ekonomia
301-309
EN
The key concepts related to the essence of subject are presented in this article. Authors describe essence of international economic organizations and its categorization. Besides they explain the concept of International Economic Organizations functioning efficiency. The results of some aspects of analysis of International Economic Organizations functioning efficiency in the case of Poland’s’ membership in WTO are showed. Some prognoses of International Economic Organizations activity are made.
9
Content available remote

Функции эмотивной лексики как средства реализации религиозно-нравственного идеала в житийных текстах XVIII–XX веков

63%
Дмитриева Е.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica
|
2020
|
issue 19
41-52
EN
The article shares the results of an analysis of original hagiographic texts from the period between the 18th and 20th centuries from the standpoint of the synchronous-and-diachronic approach as a single array characterized by common cultural meanings conveyed by linguistic units. It demonstrates the continuity of the Russian hagiographic tradition, which was largely relying on personal qualities that were significant for the Russian linguistic consciousness of hallowed individuals and based on the religious and moral ideal. The analysis of emotive lexis helped highlight the methods of composing the images of saints in hagiographic texts. It is also intended to convey the author’s major concepts. Such lexical items have several functions. They are found in the central segments of texts that characterize people, objects, and various phenomena. Besides, they provide descriptions of the topos. The following parameters are distinguished: 1) the status of the described object (saint/ordinary person); 2) the specificity of an emotion conveyed in the verb (positive/negative/neutral) as well as its intensity (low/medium/high); 3) the cause of emotional suffering. In hagiographic texts the lexis of emotions seems to be a link between the content and the formal structure of the text, thus fulfilling a text-composing function.
RU
В статье представлены результаты анализа оригинальных агиографических текстов XVIII–XX веков, которые изучены с позиций синхронно-диахронического подхода как единый массив, характеризующийся общностью культурных смыслов, передаваемых языковыми единицами, и свидетельствующий о непрерывности русской житийной традиции, которая во многом обеспечивалась опорой на выявленные значимые для русской языковой картины мира личностные качества подвижника, составляющие религиозно-нравственный идеал. При анализе эмотивной лексики, используемой в агиографических текстах, было установлено, что лексика эмоций в житии выявляет существенные для понимания концепции автора смыслы, становится важным средством создания образа святого. Данные языковые единицы употребляются в ключевых фрагментах житийного текста с целью описания и характеристики людей, предметов и явлений действительности, связаны с использованием топосов и реализуют в житии ряд функций, прежде всего – характерологическую и текстообразующую. При реализации характерологической функции релевантны следующие параметры: 1) статус характеризуемого субъекта (святой / обычный человек); 2) характер обозначаемой глаголом эмоции (положительная / отрицательная / нейтральная) и ее интенсивность (низкая / средняя / высокая); 3) причина эмоционального переживания. Выступая связующим элементом содержательно-смыслового пространства и формальной организации текста в анализируемых житиях, лексика эмоций реализует текстообразующую функцию.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Implementing “good governance” principles in the practice of public control

63%
Lipiy Y., Komziuk M., Komziuk A.
Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
|
2021
|
issue 6
95-103
EN
The concept of secure functioning of public administration is defined, which is understood as the proper performance of its functions, which involves the implementation of European principles and standards of good administration. In Ukraine, which aspires to become a full member of the European Union, the implementation of these principles is one of the priority tasks, as it means the full protection of human rights and freedoms. The normative enshrinement and content of these principles are analysed, including legality, non-discrimination, absence of abuse of power, respect for privacy, respect of confidentiality, legal certainty (judicial protection of violated rights) and appeal against decisions. It is concluded that the implementation of these principles requires constant and effective control over the activities of public administration, which is entrusted to all governmental entities, as well as members of the public. The peculiarities of certain types of such control are clarified: parliamentary, presidential, internal administrative (control of executive bodies), judicial, municipal and public.
PL
Zdefiniowano pojęcie bezpiecznego funkcjonowania administracji publicznej, rozumiane jako prawidłowe wykonywanie jej funkcji, co wiąże się z wdrażaniem europejskich zasad i standardów dobrej administracji. W Ukrainie, aspirującej do pełnego członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej realizacja, tych zasad jest jednym z zadań priorytetowych, gdyż oznacza pełną ochronę praw i wolności człowieka. Analizowane jest uregulowanie normatywne i treść tych zasad, w tym legalność, niedyskryminacja, brak nadużycia władzy, poszanowanie prywatności, poszanowanie poufności, pewność prawa (sądowa ochrona naruszonych praw) oraz odwołania od decyzji. Stwierdza się, że realizacja tych zasad wymaga stałej i skutecznej kontroli nad działalnością administracji publicznej, powierzonej wszystkim podmiotom rządowym, a także członkom społeczeństwa. Wyjaśniono specyfikę niektórych rodzajów takiej kontroli: parlamentarnej, prezydenckiej, wewnętrznej administracji (kontrola organów wykonawczych), sądowej, komunalnej i publicznej.
11
Content available remote

Prawne gwarancje funkcjonowania związków zawodowych rolników indywidualnych w Polsce

51%
Jakub G.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
|
2016
|
issue 1(39)
47-55
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present legal basis and guarantees of the farmers’ trade unions’ functioning in Poland. The presented research was based on a thorough examination of national legal acts, which constitute both legal background and foundation of farmer’s unions’ activities and internal structure. The author tries to introduce both the individual legal and system guarantees which are dedicated to farmers’ organization and which exact acts shall be considered as the direct legal basis of the guarantees. Having regard to the fact that even the Polish Constitution introduces transparent and direct legal frameworks for functioning of farmers’ trade unions, the author intends to prove that individual farmers’ unions’ operations should be considered as a fundamental and basic feature of the national agricultural system. The presented work should be also considered as thorough examination of legal provisions presented in the Act on individual farmers’ trade unions of 7th April 1989 (Ustawa…, 2015b), which is direct legal basis for functioning guarantees of the agricultural unions. The author shows how the Act is governing such fundamental issues as creation, registration, liquidation or legal operational guarantees of each individual farmers’ trade unions operating under the Act.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja podstaw i ram prawnych działalności związków zawodowych rolników indywidualnych w Polsce oraz ich funkcjonowania. Przedstawiona w niniejszej pracy analiza została oparta na krajowych aktach prawnych, stanowiących podwaliny działalności i organizacji rolniczych organizacji społeczno-zawodowych. Omówiono gwarancje prawne i ustrojowe przeznaczone dla rolniczych związków zawodowych oraz wyjaśniono, jakiej rangi akty prawne wyrażają przedstawione dyrektywy. Wskazując na fakt, że już sama ustawa zasadnicza wprowadza wyraźne ramy prawne funkcjonowania organizacji reprezentują- cych zbiorowe interesy społeczności rolnych, udowodniono również, że działalność związków zawodowych rolników indywidualnych należy uznać za fundamentalny i zasadniczy element ustroju państwa. Niniejsza praca przedstawia ponadto kompleksową analizę postanowień ustawy z dnia 7 kwietnia 1989 r. o związkach zawodowych rolników indywidualnych, która stanowi bezpośrednią materialną podstawę prawną dla gwarancji funkcjonowania rolniczych organizacji związkowych. W artykule wskazano również akty prawne regulujące tak zasadnicze kwestie jak powstanie, rejestracja, likwidacja oraz gwarancje działalności i organizacji każdego związku zawodowego rolników indywidualnych.
12
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

OPINIE STUDENTÓW O PRZEDSIĘBIORCZOŚCI W ŚWIETLE KONCEPCJI ZORIENTOWANEJ NA LUDZKIE MOŻLIWOŚCI

51%
Paszkowicz M. A.
Problemy Profesjologii
|
2015
|
issue 1
65-88
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę zjawiska przedsiębiorczości na podstawie dostępnej literatury oraz z perspektywy koncepcji opartej o ludzkie możliwości. Do ilustracji omawianego zagadnienia wykorzystano wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego.
EN
The article presents an analysis of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship on the basis of the available literature and from the perspective of human-based capabilities approach. To illustration of this issue there are use the results of the survey conducted among students from the University of Zielona Góra.
13
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Ocena działalności Kujawsko–Pomorskiego Ośrodka Doradztwa Rolniczego przez doradców PZDR w Grudziądzu oraz współpracujących z nimi rolników

51%
Chmura M.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
|
2009
|
vol. 59
|
issue 4
67-78
EN
The article presents the results, studies conducted in September 2008, concerning evaluation of activities Kujawsko – Pomorskiego Agricultural Counseling Center in Minikowo by advisory PZDR in Grudziądz and farmers cooperating with them. For examined farmers directly handed over 180 of the questionnaire on the principle of the accidental selection. Amongst examined farmers they predominated persons with the secondary education and in century 40 - 49 years and owners of bigger farms. The achieved results show that relations with K-PODR in Minikowie held most often better educated farmers and owners of bigger farms. The activity K-PODR positively it judged almost 60,0% of examined farmers. Moreover quite high farmers and advisors PZDR judged quality of services of farming advisory organizations and professional competence advisors. K-PODR in Minikowo raised the quality of given advice thanks to the constant exchange and the update of the information among institutions and the training and the in service training. The law 60,0% of examined farmers it noticed beneficial changes in household into the effect granted for them support advisory. Results reveal that the main problem for advisory PZDR in Grudziądz were their low earnings. Everyone respondents thought, that being of such an institution as ODR is playing a significant role in supporting the development of rural areas and agriculture.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych we wrześniu 2008 roku, dotyczących oceny działalności Kujawsko – Pomorskiego Ośrodka Doradztwa Rolniczego w Minikowie przez doradców PZDR w Grudziądzu oraz współpracujących z nimi rolników. Badanym rolnikom przekazano bezpośrednio 180 kwestionariuszy ankietowych na zasadzie doboru przypadkowego. Wśród badanych rolników przeważały osoby ze średnim wykształceniem i w wieku 40-49 lat oraz użytkujące gospodarstwa o średniej powierzchni. Wyniki badań dowodzą, że relacje z K-PODR w Minikowie utrzymywali najczęściej lepiej wykształceni rolnicy oraz użytkujący gospodarstwa o większej powierzchni. Działalność K-PODR pozytywnie oceniło prawie 60,0% badanych rolników. Ponadto dość wysoko badani rolnicy i pracownicy PZDR w Grudziądzu ocenili jakość świadczonych usług rolniczych organizacji doradczych oraz kompetencje zawodowe doradców. K-PODR w Minikowie podnosił jakość udzielanych porad dzięki ciągłej wymianie i aktualizacji informacji między instytucjami oraz szkolenie i doskonalenie zawodowe pracowników. Prawie 60,0% badanych rolników zauważyło korzystne zmiany w gospodarstwie w skutek udzielonego im wsparcia. Wyniki badań pokazały, że największym problemem w pracy doradców PZDR w Grudziądzu były zbyt niskie płace. Wszyscy respondenci uważali, że istnienie takiej instytucji, jak ODR ma duży wpływ na rozwój wsi i rolnictwa.
14
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Turkic Borrowings in Russian

51%
Yusufkhanova N. A.
Studia Orientalne
|
2023
|
issue 3(27)
71-78
RU
Словарный запас любого функционирующего языка состоит из оригинальных и заимствованных слов. Русский язык не является исключением. Тюркские заимствования образуют значительный пласт лексики русского языка, наполняя его значениями, представляющими большой научный интерес как в филологическом плане, так и в качестве предмета этнографических и исторических исследований. Для того чтобы более точно определить границы термина “тюркизм”, соответствующие истинному происхождению слов, все тюркизмы делятся на исконные и исторические. Соединение языков разных систем – это исторический процесс, основанный на исторических, культурных и межгосударственных связях, научно-техническом прогрессе, развитии научных направлений и т.д. Взаимовлияние языков является неотъемлемой частью исторического, культурного, политического и социологического процесса. Таким образом, язык отражает появляющиеся инновации и обогащается за счет заимствования слов из других языков. Словарный запас любого функционирующего языка состоит из родных и заимствованных слов. Русский язык не является исключением. Тюркские заимствования образуют значительный пласт лексики русского языка, наполняя его значениями, представляющими большой научный интерес не только в филологическом плане, но и как предмет этнографических и исторических исследований. Связь между русским и тюркским народами, возникшая с древних времен, их тесный контакт, обусловленный территориальной близостью и жизненной необходимостью поддерживать торгово-экономические отношения, требовали от народов, говорящих на этих языках, практического знания языков своих соседей.
EN
The vocabulary of any functioning language consists of original and borrowed words. The Russian language is no exception. Turkic borrowings form a significant layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, filling it with meanings that are of great scientific interest both in philological terms and as a subject for ethnographic and historical research. In order to more accurately define the boundaries of the term “Turkism”, corresponding to the true origin of words, all Turkisms are divided into primordial and historical. The connection of languages of different systems is a historical process based on historical, cultural and interstate relations, scientific and technological progress, the development of scientific areas, etc. The mutual influence of languages is an integral part of the historical, cultural, political and sociological process. Thus, the language reflects emerging innovations and enriches itself by borrowing words from other languages. The vocabulary of any functioning language is made up of native and borrowed words. The Russian language is no exception. Turkic borrowings form a significant layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, filling it with meanings that are of great scientific interest not only in philological terms but also as a subject for ethnographic and historical research. The connection between the Russian and Turkic peoples that arose since ancient times, their close contact, due to territorial proximity and the vital need to maintain trade and economic relations, demanded from the peoples who speak these languages a practical knowledge of the languages of their neighbours.
15
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Funkcjonowanie ustawy o postępowaniu wobec osób uchylających się od pracy - wyniki badań

39%
Ostrihanska Z., Rzeplińska I.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
1988
|
issue XV
95-152
EN
The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty  of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s  failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered  person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine.             The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment.             In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in  realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law.             The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work.             In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition.             The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were  known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages.             The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work.             Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts.             Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment.             Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment.             The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical.             One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work.             Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases.             As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged.             The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed.             The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism.             The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies.             After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary.             Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent.             Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs.             Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval.             Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged.             In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.