In the Polish literature of the last two decades of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL), science fiction, especially sociological science fiction, served as a substitute for political literature, which was impossible to publish under state censorship. The majority of this genre was anti-utopian or critical of the totalitarian reality. This attitude was hidden under fantastical make-up and was very strongly related to the here-and-now of the period in which the books originated. Janusz A. Zajdel is the most important representative of this genre, however, at the same time he manages to avoid limiting his work to the thinly veiled politics of the time. While the topics of his work very often repeated themselves the stories go beyond the drama of the individuals or groups confronted with the totalitarian regime and focus on certain repeatable mechanisms within the system itself. Due to the above characteristics, his literary work transcends from being just a criticism of the internal workings of PRL into the area of structural functionalism of a universal social system. Social structures that play a central role in Zajdel’s work, are always built from the same, very clearly outlined building blocks. It may seem that the characters and the plot of the novels are only an addition to the views on the structure and the shape of society expressed by the author. Common elements that build that world remain at the core of all the novels and the pretextual story lines of Zajdel make it easier to present those elements in the internal functioning of the sometimes very complicated social systems that Zajdel describes. Dysfunctional elements that prevent the exercise of totalitarian control inside the system, for Zajdel seem to be of far greater importance than his story lines. These relations, so characteristic of the late PRL, referred to in the literature as “dirty togetherness”, are phenomena of exercising control over specific measures and social resources available in the framework of the social system for the implementation of not the objectives, which were designated by those socio-political systems, but by social groups or entities that use them for their own purposes. The main theme of Zajdel’s novels are dysfunctions that occur as part of the totalitarian system, but his social systems never meet the defining criteria of totalitarianism in the classic sense. Totalitarianism is not the main intrest of the novels but is only used instrumentally as the make-up for the description of the mechanism of the internal workings of these dysfunctions. Zajdel sees dirty togetherness as a structural element of the system, without which the continuous functioning of the system would be impossible.
New technologies, scientific findings and new or refined kinds of sport as well as national and international contests determine the image of university sports. There is no doubt that university sports are a growing area and will play an important role in the future. Their significance will increase in particular with the increase of knowledge about the positive effects of sports.Looking at social development as a whole and in its parts makes it possible to identify university sports in their present state, their dynamics and development within a context. By way of example major trends and prospects of university sports in contemporary societies will be discussed. In addition some data from empirical studies will be presented in order to underline the argumentation.
The author of the paper draws attention to the information and entertainment function of television broadcasting, stressing that the media often forget about the ethical and moral aspects.
The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functions of ecosystems to human welfare. The aim of this paper is to identify ecosystem services generated by green areas within the urban area, classify and value them. "Ecosystem services" refers to components of nature, directly enjoyed, consumed, or used to yield human well-being (Boyd, Banzhaf 2007). This definition advances the ability to use ecosystem services as a practical measurement tool.
The paper presents the meaning, impact and functions of packaging logistics in aviation cargo transport. It also discusses the packaging system, considering the relationship between the two systems of packaging and logistics and aims to increase efficiency and effectiveness of whole system as also affecting the cost of each logistical activity.
The aim of this paper is to determine the functions of phrasemes and their modifications in press advertisements. To ensure solid foundations for the above mentioned intention, the functions have been divided into 1) the ones resulting from the function of advertisements, and 2) the ones resulting from phraseme functions. Phrasemes in their “nature” contribute to the fact that thanks to their known form, addressees memorise the advertising message more quickly, because phrasemes become more quickly acquired thanks to the fact that they are based on well-known and recorded in the memory patterns, or thanks to associating the new elements of the phraseme with the old ones. In this way the effort necessary for fixing the new information in the memory is reduced. Thanks to their commonly known and unique form, phrasemes increase the reliability of the phrase and evoke positive emotions among potential customers. Besides, phrasemes and their modifications often perform advertising functions. First, thanks to the use of a commonly known phrase or a skillfully transformed modification, they focus potential customers’ attention on themselves, inviting them in this way to get to know the advertising text in more detail. Second, they may become informed not only about the existence of a product, but also about product or service benefits. Third, they may provide potential customers with the arguments supporting the idea of the product purchase. Besides, in the epoch of information overload and advertisements, advertisement creators conveying their message need to provide enjoyable entertainment to customers. Phrasemes and their modifications in advertisements perform this function, too.
The article presents different bank definitions, changing in time, considering the following aspects: legal, social, organizational and the one connected to its functions. Bank works as a company and is oriented on a profit maximalisation. It is also an institution of social trust. It has different roles on the financial market in micro- and macroscale. According to bancassurance it occurs as a channel of insurance products distribution. In this field its activity grows systematically.
The subject matter of the article is the analysis of suffixation of diminutives in the variety of Spanish spoken in Mexico City. The practical part is preceded by theoretical considerations. The aim of the study, based on an electronic corpus (Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México), is the identification of the functions of diminutives used in different situational contexts. The study focuses on statements made by Mexicans at the age of 20-34. Apart from linguistic factors, the sociolinguistic aspects such as sex and education level of the informants are analysed.
Research material collected for this paper consists of Russian national riddles about bees. The author describes key words in the examined riddles and provides historical comments concerning national culture. Riddles reflect the oldest period of beekeeping history in Russia, as well as national and folk knowledge of bees.
In modern conditions, the successful development of an educational institution as an organization, implementation and management of technological change in administrative activity of school leaders is impossible without taking into account the organizational culture as the leading factor of management activities. Purposeful formation of organizational culture of an educational institution, focused on innovation, integrating the interests of teachers and students, will allow it to operate successfully in a market economy and information society. The article focuses on revealing the contents of organizational culture of a vocational and technical educational institution of agricultural profile, the definition of its functions and features based on the analysis and synthesis of modern scientific sources specific to the system vocational and technical education in Ukraine.
Beliefs and perceptions of word are based on existing mythological layer of culture that has specific mechanisms and functions. This mythological context of word determines its acceptance as a magical tool that has a certain force of impact. The power of speech is invisible, but exactly by the word, the individual and the community identify themselves and provide a link between past, present and future. One of the most significant events of word (or speech) is connected with its use in ritual. The reason of this is that the importance is attached to the ritual and to the consequences of its performing. Ritual word has an impact on society, and nature and the individual by verbal formulas that contribute to its realization. Depending on the ritual, word can both perform different functions and act as a specific magical tool.
Organizational-pedagogical grounding of the transition of pre-school education institutions of Ukraine to work under the new socio-cultural conditions has been conducted. To achieve this objective, were used the following methods of research – problem-targeted and comparative – for analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization, interpretation of the materials under research. In the course of the strategic directions of improvement of pre-school branch of education of Ukraine during the period of independence the basic priority principles –democratization, humanization, nationalization, de-politicization, de-ideologization and ethnization have been provided, and therefore in the state educational standards the updating of the content of training and education on the basis of its differentiation and integration under an angle of student-centred, competency and activity approaches have been also provided. The leading function of education in the course of its social aspect has been studied, and the transmission of the general culture of people to the future generations for use and increasing its achievements; strengthening the world outlook orientation of the education on national traditions and achievements of world culture has been identified. Accordingly, national strategic objective – comprehensive development of the personality is the responsibility of the pre-school education as a compulsory element in the general structure of integral education. These functions make peculiar algorithm of integral approach to the renewal of the conceptual-methodological foundations of the programs for pre-school institutions. Thus all participants of the educational process are given the right of choice of the educational technologies, because the modeling of the educational process according to several programs takes into account the requests, needs, potentialities and possibilities of every child, determines the timeliness of his or her integral personal development under the conditions of pre-school education institutions. As a conclusion, having described various types of software of modern pre-school education institutions of Ukraine, we ascertain general orientation according to the content of education, conformity to the progressive directions of its reforming in the content of pre-school education of Ukraine in the course of the provisions of the state standard. Integration of innovative approaches with the traditions stimulates active search of priorities for the new programs, plans for them promising directions for the further development and improvement.
The article presents functional and semantic characteristics of 38 periphrases of terms relating to unanimated nature excerpted from the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. Fifteen discussions relate to earth and its shape, two structures are synonyms of the word nature, and twenty-one constructions replace one-word aquatic names. The analysis of intertextual references showed that periphrases refer to folk, literary or cultural patterns. Semantically they relate to Christian, e.g. God’s world ‘earth’; mythological zephyr’s folds ‘waves’ and classical tradition (a glass broken into thousands of sparks ‘lake’).
The article presents functional and semantic characteristics od 46 periphrases of floristic names excerpted from the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The study herein aims to determine the literary and cultural motives of described periphrases. The poetess used this method of poetic expression as she wanted to emphasize the uniqueness of Polish flora or to illustrate the appearance of exotic plants.
In the article the authors consider the functioning of small farms. The paper focuses on crucial problems connected with the defi nition of small farms and with their traditional and modern functions. The paper presents farmers’ opinions about small agricultural operations, as information was collected from 100 farmers from Kozienicki county, Poland. The farmers had from 1 to 5 ha of agricultural land. Respondents’ declarations indicate that small farms perform mainly social functions. They expressed their defi nition of a small farm as one having from 1 to 10 ha of agricultural land. The majority of respondents were dissatisfi ed with their agriculture income. Their main reason for continuing activity in agriculture was the fact that they were the only successors in the family
PL
W opracowaniu poruszone zostały zagadnienia funkcjonowania drobnych gospodarstw rolnych. Jego celem było wskazanie w jaki sposób funkcjonowanie drobnych gospodarstw w powiecie kozienickim postrzegają ich właściciele. W pracy przedstawiono problemy związane z wyznaczaniem takich podmiotów oraz tradycyjne i nowe funkcje pełnione przez te gospodarstwa. Ponadto zaprezentowane zostały opinie na temat działania drobnych gospodarstw zebrane wśród celowo dobranej próby badawczej składającej się ze 100 rolników z obszaru powiatu kozienickiego. Badani producenci zwracali uwagę, że małe gospodarstwa pełnią głównie funkcje socjalne. Co ciekawe, dominowała wśród nich opinia, że drobnym gospodarstwem rolnym są podmioty posiadające do 10 ha użytków rolnych. Większość badanych nie była zadowolona z wysokości generowanego przez gospodarstwo dochodu, a głównym powodem, dla którego prowadzili gospodarstwo było to, iż przejęli je jako następcy od rodziców.
The main aim of this paper is to discuss the notion of language viewed as a tool of communication of purchasers and vendors in a Polish bazaar. On the basis of scholarly literature and the material gathered in the conducted study the authors of this article emphasize an important role which language plays in the discourse of these two groups of people and identify a set of functions which language performs in exchanging information between them. It demonstrates how socio-economic reality is related to and reflected by means of language and how language as a tool helps members of the bazaar community (both sellers and buyers) to communicate messages and build relationships with each other. In order to exemplify how language is used in this particular social context, they provide evidence in the form of citations and eventually draw conclusions with regard to the subject in question.
The paper presents a comparative analysis of a separation of rural areas and subsequently basing on the definition of rural areas by TERYT the analysis of changes of infrastructure (mainly technical and social) in the country, urban areas and rural areas in the years 2003-2009 has been presented. As a result of external circumstances, including financial support of the European Union the pace of changes in rural areas accelerates, especially with regard to the level of infrastructure. Moreover, the present evolution of function of rural areas has been characterised in terms of Poland’s accession to the European Union.
The article uncovers the relevance of providing socio-pedagogical assistance and support of many-children families in the work of social pedagogue. It was found out that large families in today's unfavorable situation in Ukrainian society are in difficult life situations. There is an adverse psychological climate in the family, neglect of parental duties, negative relationships in the family and so on that prevents this family to perform their traditional functions. To activate the educational potential of large families and assistance in solving their problems is important that help and support have professional content. For this social pedagogue should be guided both by the basic principles (humanity, objectivity, consistency, tolerance, privacy, positive image of the family, equality, responsibility, human-centrism) and the specific (universality, protection of social rights, social response, preventive determination, self-reliance of the family, maximization of social resources) principles of work. For the optimization of life activity of a many-children family the social pedagogue should perform the following functions: diagnostic, security and protective, organizational and communicative, social, psychological, educational, predictive, coordination, warning and prevention, correction and rehabilitation, socio-therapeutic. These functions the social pedagogue realizes in such directions of social and educational work with large families: diagnostic, organizational, social, psychological, educational, consulting, security and protective. Based on the analysis, systematization and generalization of the research literature, social services experience, we define the content of work of the social pedagogue with large families as a system of knowledge, social skills and practical skills that allow him to effectively solve professional tasks. Its components are: knowledge of the principles of work of the social pedagogue with large families; knowledge of legal documents on social protection, social services, support and assistance to large families; knowledge of the nature, types, causes, the basic problems of large families; knowledge of technologies, forms and methods of working with large families. In this way, socio-pedagogical assistance and support of many-children families should be based on a thorough knowledge of the specifics these categories of families. Problems which characterize modern large family cause the need for its timely assistance from the state and society. Proceeding from the above, the social pedagogue who works with large families is a coordinator of the totality of social and educational support that should promote positive changes and establishing normal life of a large family by all possible means.
What it meant by European Integration? We mean the historical process whereby European nation-states have been willing to transfer, or more usually pool, their sovereign powers in a collective enterprise. The European Union, which today contains twenty-eight member states, which has a complex institutional structure that includes a supranational central administration (the European Commission), an elected Parliament, a Court of Justice and a Central Bank, is the outcome of this processes. Many American and European scientists of the European Union have chided “intergovemmentalist” accounts for emphasizing the duration of member state authority over the process of European integration. This article attempts to prove these criticisms in a “historical institutionalist” account that mentions the importance of research on European integration as a political process which spreads over time. Such an aspect distinguishes the limitations of member-state control over permanent institutional improvements, due to a fixation with short-term interests, the existence of unexpected consequences, and actions that “lock in” past decisions and make affirmation of member-state control difficult. Short exploration of the development of social policy in the EC advocates the limitations of conducting the EC as an international regime promoting collective activity among sovereign states. It is important to view integration as a “path-dependent” process that has composed a dispersed, but still obvious “multitiered” European polity.
The article highlights the interpretation of the concept “portfolio” in the terms of pedagogy. It is proved that in education portfolio technology involves integration of quantitative and qualitative evaluation, shifting emphasis to achievement, success, self-esteem of the student, his/her understanding of readiness for professional work. It is noted that the idea of using portfolio technology as a means of assessment in education institutions arose at the turn of the 70-80 years of the ХХ century under the influence of politics and business, according to some sources in Europe, and according to the others –- in the United States. The functions of portfolio are: diagnostic, prognostic, managerial, organizational, analytical, rating, pedagogical, setting goals, motivating, informative, developing, adaptative; the principles of technology are: appropriate, systematic, compliance, heterogeneity, scientific validity and objective evaluation. Portfolio is a part of the initiated studies to determine the values of the person. The following types of portfolio are characterized, namely: the portfolio as a tool for self-assessment of students’ achievements in the process of mastering the disciplines of professional cycle; the portfolio as a tool for autonomous learning of the certain disciplines; the portfolio as a tool to demonstrate the academic product; the portfolio as a feedback tool in the learning process; a diversified portfolio that reflects the different purposes of evaluation and self-assessment of the competence of the future teachers of Physical Culture. There are such portfolio components as a list of references, testimonials, reviews, abstracts at the conferences, articles in scientific journals, certificates of participation in seminars and conferences, certificates of internships, projects. The criteria of evaluation portfolios of students serve to identify such levels of readiness as high, enough, medium, low. The prospects for further research the author sees in further study of the theoretical principles of the portfolio technology and the development of practical recommendations on its implementation in the process of future specialists of physical culture training.
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