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1
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Role of the Police in the Slovak Republic and the Operational Duty

100%
Marczyová K.
Internal Security
|
2020
|
vol. 12(2)
83-99
EN
The fundamental rights and freedoms, as the highest values in a democratic society, need to be adequately protected, thus states create the mechanisms to protect them. This mechanism of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms also includes the police, especially the Police Force, whose primary task is to protect the life, health, fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens and individuals in the Slovak Republic. The role of the Police Force defining the basic aspects forms the content of this study, with a further focus on the tasks performed by the police. Following the above, the study focusses on the activity of police officers, carrying out service actions and interference with fundamental rights and freedoms. The procedure of the police in carrying out service actions tends to be the subject of further examination due to their appropriateness and legality. This issue is considered highly serious in the society, and recently it has been a subject of not only scientific discussions in the Slovak Republic. Currently, the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava is carrying out a research project which focussing on service actions with the cooperation of the police experts. The core material is presented in the paper, which aims to point out the basic organisation and activities of the Police Force as the authority responsible for the protection of fundamental rights. The emphasis is put on the selected issues of the police while interfering in human rights and freedoms. Chronologically, from general to specific matters, the paper introduces fundamental rights and freedoms and the police interventions into this area. Theoretical research is supplemented by practical cases, conclusions and possible recommendations for the police practice by the use of several methods, in particular analysis, abstraction and deduction.
2

The Internal Security Package and Its Potential Impact on the EU–Turkey Relations within the Scope of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms

100%
Oğuşgil V. A.
Baltic Journal of European Studies
|
2016
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
69-94
EN
Being one of the core values of the European Union, human rights have been centrally located in the European Union-Turkey relations especially since the country gained the candidate status in 1999. In human rights practices, the actor who comes to the forefront most on behalf of the state against the citizens whose rights must be protected is the police force. Therefore, the security practices enforced by the police form a huge part of human rights practices in the state and thus play a decisive role in Turkey’s relations with the Union. This article presents an evaluation of the so-called ‘internal security package’, which has just passed into law, and its potential impact on European Union-Turkey relations. The package includes specific amendments regarding the police duties and authorities, which unarguably affect human rights practices in the country. As the Union lacks a uniform norm relating to the security practices the package in question contains, the answer to the question will be sought by screening two sources: EU progress reports on Turkey and relevant ECtHR decisions, which provide definite judgements regarding the threats and risks posed by the package under discussion.
3
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The 1991 constitution of independent Transnistria

86%
Serzhanova V.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2017
|
vol. 2017 (46)(4)
132-146
EN
The legal status of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, which declared its independence in 1990, since that time has unchangingly remained ambiguous. The state has factually existed for almost thirty years so far, although it has not hitherto been recognised by any member of the international community. Its status from the constitutional law viewpoint is contradictory to the one analysed in the light of the international law, according to which Transnistria still formally remains a Moldavian autonomous region of a special status. This paper, being a part of the wider research carried out over Transnistria’s legal status, aims at establishing its primary political system’s grounds. Therefore, it comprises the analysis of the origin and development of Transnistrian first independent basic law, which appeared to be the foundation of the abovementioned solutions. The paper undertakes an attempt to not only analyse, but also evaluate the political system’s primary principles and development of Transnistria as a newly created state in the first years of its functioning. The subject of the work is particularly focused on the shape and content of the first constitution of Transnistria of 1991, which bound during the first four years of the state’s independence till the presently binding constitution of 1995 entered into force, along with observing of how its functioning in practice shaped the constitutional and political reality.
4
Content available remote

K mezím podzákonné normotvorby

72%
Kačer D.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
|
issue 12
1024-1037
EN
In this article, the author deals with the relationship between the law and the implementing legislation. The central question of this paper is, to what extent may implementing legislation carry out the law, to which it refers, and how this implementation ought to look like, so the reservation of the law is not violated. The author seeks answers in the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court, only to find out that the case law does not offer a satisfactory and clear interpretation. On the contrary, the Constitutional Court imposes ambiguous requirements on the law in various examples, and the executive is thus allowed a different degree of discretion in individual cases. Thus, the principle of legal certainty is violated which in this case represents a problem not only for the recipients of legal norms but also for public authorities. Given that the literature does not deal much with this problem, the presented article attempts to solve the legal uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the reservation of the law. First, the general rules concerning the reservation of the law are defined, while the author bases his claim on the division into fundamental rights and non-fundamental rights. After that, the text proceeds to define the criterion for the assessment of whether the secondary legislation is in accordance with the reservation of the law. It turns out that there is not only one suitable criterion. For that reason, the reservation of the law is divided into three categories – general reservation of the law, reservation of the law in the narrower sense, qualified reservation of the law.
CS
Autor se v tomto článku zamýšlí nad vztahem zákona a prováděcího předpisu. Ústřední otázkou tohoto textu je, v jaké míře může prováděcí předpis provádět práva a povinnosti v mezích zákona, na který se odvolává, a jak takové provedení může vypadat, aby tím nebyla porušena výhrada zákona. Pro odpověď na tuto otázku se autor pokouší zorientovat v dosavadní judikatuře Ústavního soudu týkající se této problematiky, aby dospěl k tomu, že judikatura jednoznačný výklad nenabízí. Naopak, Ústavní soud klade v různých příkladech různé obsahové požadavky na zákon a exekutivě je tak v jednotlivých případech povolena rozdílná míra volného uvážení toho, jak může zákonem stanovená práva a povinnosti provádět. Z toho důvodu je narušen princip právní jistoty, který v tomto případě představuje problém nejen pro recipienty právních norem, ale také pro orgány veřejné moci. Vzhledem k tomu, že literatura se tímto problémem příliš nezabývá, pokouší se právní nejistotu ohledně výkladu výhrady zákona řešit předkládaný text. Nejprve jsou definována obecná pravidla týkající se výhrady zákona, přičemž se autor opírá o rozdělení na základní práva a ne-základní práva. Následně již text spěje k definování kritéria pro posuzování podzákonné normotvorby. Ukazuje se, že vhodné kritérium není pouze jedno a z toho důvodu je výhrada zákona rozdělena do 3 kategorií – obecná výhrada zákona, výhrada zákona v užším smyslu, kvalifikovaná výhrada zákona. Kromě zmíněných je problematizována také Ústavním soudem vytvořená zvláštní výhrada zákona.
5
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Constitutional Protection of Fundamental Freedoms in the Decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada

72%
Uliasz J.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2020
|
issue 6 (58)
523-531
EN
This paper provides a brief analysis of Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which deals with Canadians’ “fundamental freedoms”. Provisions of the Charter guarantee freedom of conscience and religion; freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication; freedom of peaceful assembly; and freedom of association.
PL
Artykuł zawiera krótką charakterystykę sekcji 2 kanadyjskiej Karty Praw i Wolności, która dotyczy „podstawowych wolności” Kanadyjczyków. Postanowienia Karty gwarantują wolność sumienia i wyznania; wolność myśli, przekonań, opinii i wypowiedzi, w tym wolność prasy i innych środków komunikacji; wolność pokojowych zgromadzeń; i wolność zrzeszania się.
6

The 1991 constitution of independent Transnistria

58%
Serzhanova V.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2017
|
issue 4(46)
132-146
EN
The legal status of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, which declared its independence in 1990, since that time has unchangingly remained ambiguous. The state has factually existed for almost thirty years so far, although it has not hitherto been recognised by any member of the international community. Its status from the constitutional law viewpoint is contradictory to the one analysed in the light of the international law, according to which Transnistria still formally remains a Moldavian autonomous region of a special status. This paper, being a part of the wider research carried out over Transnistria’s legal status, aims at establishing its primary political system’s grounds. Therefore, it comprises the analysis of the origin and development of Transnistrian first independent basic law, which appeared to be the foundation of the abovementioned solutions. The paper undertakes an attempt to not only analyse, but also evaluate the political system’s primary principles and development of Transnistria as a newly created state in the first years of its functioning. The subject of the work is particularly focused on the shape and content of the first constitution of Transnistria of 1991, which bound during the first four years of the state’s independence till the presently binding constitution of 1995 entered into force, along with observing of how its functioning in practice shaped the constitutional and political reality.
PL
Status prawny niepodległej Naddniestrzańskiej Republiki Mołdawskiej, która w 1990 roku ogłosiła niepodległość, od tego czasu niezmiennie pozostaje niejasny. Państwo to faktycznie istnieje już przez prawie trzydzieści lat, niemniej nie zostało ono uznane przez społeczność międzynarodową. Z punktu widzenia prawa konstytucyjnego i teorii państwa status Naddniestrza jest sprzeczny z tym określonym przez prawo międzynarodowe, zgodnie z którym Naddniestrze w dalszym ciągu pozostaje regionem autonomicznym Mołdawii, mającym status specjalny. Niniejsze opracowanie, stanowiące część szerzej zakrojonych badań nad statusem prawnym Naddniestrza, ma na celu ustalenie pierwotnych podstaw jego systemu politycznego. Opracowanie obejmuje zatem analizę powstania i rozwoju jego pierwszej niepodległej ustawy zasadniczej, która stanowiła podstawę powyższych rozwiązań. W pracy podjęto się nie tylko analizy, ale także oceny pierwotnych założeń i rozwoju systemu politycznego Naddniestrza, jako nowo utworzonego państwa, w pierwszych latach jego istnienia. Przedmiot opracowania w szczególności skupia się na analizie kształtu i treści pierwszej konstytucji Naddniestrza z 1991 roku, która obowiązywała przez pierwsze cztery lata jego niepodległości – do czasu wejścia w życie obecnej ustawy zasadniczej z 1995 roku. Jest również próbą spojrzenia na to, jak praktyka funkcjonowania tej ustawy kształtowała konstytucyjną i polityczną rzeczywistość.
7
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Fundamental Rights-Comparison of the Approaches in the Canon Law and in the Civil Law

30%
Přibyl S.
Philosophy and Canon Law
|
2020
|
issue 6
73-95
IT
Il Codice di Diritto Canonico del 1983 ha introdotto un elenco di doveri e diritti dei fedeli laici. È analogo agli elenchi caratteristici dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali contenuti nei documenti di diritto internazionale e nelle costituzioni dei paesi democratici. L’ispirazione della Chiesa al diritto civile è stata una realtà sin dall’inizio del diritto canonico: prima attraverso il diritto romano, poi, nel mondo moderno, attraverso complesse codificazioni del diritto civile, e dopo il Concilio Vaticano II, attraverso le idee dei diritti umani universali. Una caratteristica specifica della Chiesa cattolica rispetto a uno Stato democratico è l’incorporazione del soggetto di diritto nella Chiesa attraverso il battesimo, ciò che porta con sé tutti i diritti e gli obblighi. In questo modo, il catalogo dei diritti e degli obblighi, che ora esiste nel codice, include principalmente un elenco di questi ultimi. I diritti sono invece messi in evidenza dallo Stato moderno. In effetti, lo Stato moderno impone pochi obblighi ai suoi cittadini; spesso si tratta solo di pagare le tasse e di obbedire alla costrizione dell’istruzione obbligatoria. Il presente articolo tratta dei singoli obblighi e diritti contenuti nel Codice di Diritto Canonico e li confronta con i corrispondenti obblighi e diritti contenuti nelle costituzioni. Il concetto di norme civili e canoniche è simile, soprattutto se ispirato alla legge naturale. I doveri dei fedeli, invece, rappresentano fini ecclesiastici specifici, e in questo caso è difficile stabilire un’analogia con il diritto civile. Soprattutto, la legge suprema della Chiesa è la salvezza delle anime, e lo Stato non ha un obiettivo così soprannaturale.
FR
Le Code de droit canonique de 1983 a dressé une liste de devoirs et de droits propres aux fidèles laïcs. Elle est analogue aux listes de droits et libertés fondamentaux contenus dans les documents de droit international et dans les constitutions des pays démocratiques. Le fait que l’Église se soit inspirée du droit civil est une réalité qui remonte aux origines du droit canonique : tout d’abord à travers le droit romain, puis, dans le monde moderne, à travers des codifications complexes du droit civil, et après le Concile Vatican II, à travers les idées de droits humains universels. Une caractéristique spécifique de l’Église catholique par rapport à l’État démocratique est l’incorporation du sujet de droit dans l’Église par le baptême, qui entraîne tous un ensemble de droits et obligations. De cette manière, ce catalogue des droits et obligations qui existe désormais dans le code comprend principalement la liste de ces dernières. Ce sont au contraire les droits qui sont mis en évidence par l’État moderne. En fait, l’État moderne impose peu d’obligations à ses citoyens; souvent, il ne s’agit que de payer ses impôts et de suivre l’enseignement obligatoire. L’article traite des obligations et droits individuels contenus dans le Code du droit canon et les compare aux obligations et droits correspondants contenus dans les constitutions. Les concepts de normes civiles et de normes canoniques sont comparables, notamment parce que toutes deux s’inspirent du droit naturel. Les devoirs des fidèles, en revanche, représentent un objectif spécifique de l’Église et, dans ce cas, il est difficile d’établir une analogie avec le droit civil. Par-dessus tout, la loi majeure de l’Église reste le salut des âmes, alors que l’État ne poursuit pas un but surnaturel de ce type.
EN
The Code of Canon Law of 1983 came up with a list of obligations and duties of the Catholic faithful. This list is analogical to those of the charters of fundamental rights and freedoms found in the documents of international law and in the constitutions of democratic countries. the inspiration of church law by civilian law was a reality from the very beginnings of the development of Canon Law: first by Roman Law, in the modern world by complex codifications of civil law, and after Vatican II also the idea of universal human rights. The specifics of the Catholic Church in relation to a democratic state is the incorporation of the subject of law into the Church through baptism which brings, above all, duties and obligations. Thus the catalogue which may now be seen in the Code contains first and foremost a list of duties, not rights, which are not stressed in the modern state. In fact, the modern state has very few demands; often just the payment of taxes and compulsory school attendance. The article deals with the individual obligations and rights found in the Code of Canon Law and compares them with their analogies in constitutions. The concept of civil and canonical norms tends to get closer primarily in the case of inspiration by natural law, whereas the obligations of the faithful represent a specifically ecclesiastical goals, for which no analogy in civil law can be found. After all, the supreme law of the Church is the salvation of souls, indeed, the state does not have such a supernatural goal.
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