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EN
The paper analyses selected mediaeval Canons of the Mass from a text linguisctic perspective. It focuses on four monuments which are considered glosses from the point of view of the formal criterion (the placement on the page), and texts from the point of view of their shape (the degree of development). The analysis includes the graphical shape of the annotations, the syntax of the Polish passages with respect to the Latin prototype, the base and the completeness of the translation. This multi-faceted analysis leads to the conclusion that mediaeval Polish glosses to the Canons of the Mass consitute not a text but a complete collection of glosses. This conclusion is justified by both their graphical and grammatical shape: verbatim rendering of Latin constructions and inflections (inconsistent with Polish grammar), and accumulation of multiple lexical equivalents of a single element. When working with this kind of monuments, one needs to take into account not only the quantitative criterion (completeness of the translation) but also the function of the whole that the scribe created, and the intention of the author.
EN
The paper discusses the problems of the opening a text texts as exemplified by contracts. Twelve contracts were examined, including sales contracts, construction contracts, lease contracts, rental contracts and employment contracts. The contract was defined as a text type. Aspects such as a text’s subject matter, function and structure are particularly important for the determination of its opening and its delimitation from the remaining parts of the text. The article illustrates the ways in which these elements determine the opening of the text. The article also contains information on other studies on text openings.
PL
Pieśń o zatwardziałych duszach błąkających się po śmierci w poszukiwaniu miejsca wiecznego spoczynku, której 17 wariantów zapisano w latach 1843–1996, funkcjonowała w repertuarze dziadowskim, a po zaniku tego środowiska przeszła do obiegu ludowego, przybierając inną funkcję i inny charakter: stając się pieśnią zaduszkową lub – częściej – maryjną. Odpowiednio do charakteru gatunkowego, a więc wewnętrznej intencji wykonawczej oraz sytuacyjnej funkcji tekstu, różnie kształtowany jest w niej obraz zaświatów. Wykonując pieśń jako legendę religijną z wyraźnym celem wychowawczym, eksponowano karę za grzechy, niemożność znalezienia sobie po śmierci miejsca na świecie, zgodnie z prototypowym obrazem świata przywoływanym w archaicznych przysięgach na niebo i ziemię, ogień i wodę. Warianty zaduszkowe wprowadzają obraz zaświatów widzianych po chrześcijańsku z wyeksponowaniem motywu czyśćca. Jeśli natomiast pieśń przyjmuje nowe funkcje pieśni maryjnej, wędrówka duszy odbywa się przez bliższy człowiekowi świat przyrody formowany w konwencji „pejzażu maryjnego” (lasy, góry, zboża, łąki, kwiaty). Obraz świata pośmiertnego ma wyraźne piętno gatunkowe.
EN
The song of unrepentant souls wandering after death in search of a place of eternal rest, seventeen variants of which were written in the years 1843-1996, functioned in the oral repertoire of performing vagrants, and later in folk culture. When the vagrant tradition disappeared, the song's function and character changed: it became associated with Ali Souls' Day or, even more often, with the cult of the Virgin Mary. The picture of the nether world in the song is shaped differently, in accordance with its genre characteristics: situational function and the internal purpose for performing it. When it is conceived of as a religious legend with an explicit educational aim, the emphasis is laid on the punishment for sins and being unable to find a place for oneself in this world after death. It is consistent with the prototypical picture of the world present in archaic oaths taken on the earth and sky, fire and water. The variants associated with All Soul’s Day introduce a Christain picture of the nether world emphasizing the motif of the purgatory. If, on the other hand, the song is used in the cult of the Virgin Mary, the wandering of the soul takes place in the more familiar landscape conventionally associated with this cult: forests, hills, corn, meadows and flowers. The picture of the nether world markedly depends on the song's genre.
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