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EN
This article presents the results of a UNESCO project that focused on gender mainstreaming higher education curriculum. It deals with some critical issues involved in addressing the problem: what type of gender should be mainstreamed, who should do it, how can it be done and what costs are involved? The premise of the article is that looking at curriculum from a gender perspective is beneficial for the adaptation of academic knowledge to the current requirements of the labour market. One conclusion is that there is still a long way to go before gender will be regarded as legitimate knowledge in higher education.
EN
The common reference to the Baltic States as a single geopolitical entity conceals the actual differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article aims to outline the principal similarities and differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the field of gender equality politics developed within gender mainstreaming approach in attempt to better understanding of the current gender gaps in these countries. The research focuses on how national gender equality machineries were (re)constructed in accordance with international commitments to the UN and the EU after the restoration of independence in the Baltic States. It is demonstrated that differences between the Baltic States in the institutionalization of the contemporary structure of gender equality machinery were overcome once they became EU members. The current outcomes of gender equality politics are described on the basis of the Global Gender Gap Report 2017. The empirical data are provided for three Baltic States by analysing their gender gaps in four spheres – Economic participation and opportunity, Education attainment, Political empowerment and Health and survival. According to the Global Gender Gap Index, the Baltic States are among the EU Member States with the average / slightly above-average gender equality. The article argues that confirmation of the institutionalization of the contemporary gender equality machinery, the content of national governmental activities and the predominant relationship model with civil society in the Baltic States indicate that gender mainstreaming is likely yet another and the most recent social policy tool for the management of human resources. Thus, Latvia usually demonstrates a minimal attachment to gender mainstreaming. Moreover, Latvia has regressed somewhat in this respect in 2013. However, current Latvia can be considered as having more equality than Lithuania and Estonia. Among all countries participated in the research in 2017, Latvia ranks 10th, Lithuania, accordingly, 12th, and Estonia, accordingly, 16th. The case of Latvia levering the rank up due to positive trends in closing gender gaps in both Economic Participation and Opportunity and Political Empowerment subindexes confirms an assumption that rather social changes related to national demographical and economic development than merely technocratic sophistication of gender equality politics has a profound impact on current statistical indexes related to gender equality.
EN
One of the key objectives of European Union policy is to equalize the opportunities for women and men in the most important areas of social life. An urgent field for such actions is the solicitude of equal representation of women and men in the media (as follows from numerous studies, the mass media can strengthen or weaken gender stereotypes). Primarily the public media should obey the so-called gender mainstreaming principle – because of the public mission. Therefore the purpose of the presented study was an attempt to determine whether, in the selected TVP journalistic programs with politicians’ participation, women were sufficiently represented. Given that, according to the Quota Act, the electoral lists for the Sejm cannot be less than 35% women candidates, it was expected that there would be at least the same proportion of women and men in the analyzed material. The quantitative content analysis method was used to solve the research problem. The results showed that the representation of women in the analyzed programs was lower than originally assumed. There are therefore grounds for continuing research on the issue of women’s access to the media, especially on determinants, manifestations and socio-cultural consequences of possible gender inequalities in this area.
EN
Objective: The objective of this study is to provide an overview of female careers in Italian academia and to present the implications related to the adoption of Gender Budgeting at universities. Research Design & Methods: A theoretical framework was developed based on the role of Gender Budgeting and the role of the Central Guarantee Committee for equal opportunities in Italian Universities (CUG). Female careers in Italian Universities were analysed in order to provide a state of the art about gender equality in academia. Findings: Overall, the findings suggest that Gender Budgeting is a key tool to measure and monitor the level of gender mainstreaming. It can be used to assess the implications not only for women but in general for the least represented gender in each area and at every level. It helps promote the efficiency and transparency of the University’s activities and to understand those elements useful in improving measures that have been taken. Implications / Recommendations: The analysis highlights that Gender Budgeting is a key tool for measuring and monitoring the level of gender mainstreaming within universities. The adoption of Gender Budgeting attests to governing bodies’ assumption of responsibility in eliminating discrimination based on gender and thereby protect and promote the well-being for universities employees. Contribution: In examining female careers in academia in Italian Universities and the role of Gender Budgeting, this paper seeks to contribute to the scholarly conversation on the role of Gender Budgeting in shaping gender inequality and improving the overall performance of universities.
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka aktualnej sytuacji dotyczącej przebiegu kariery kobiet we włoskim środowisku akademickim oraz przedstawienie wniosków w zakresie wdrażania strategii gender budgeting na uniwersytetach. Metodyka badań: Ramy teoretyczne artykułu zostały oparte na założeniach strategii gender budgeting oraz na zasadach działania Centralnego Komitetu Gwarancyjnego ds. Równych Szans na włoskich uniwersytetach (CUG). Przeanalizowano kariery kobiet na uniwersytetach we Włoszech, aby ustalić obecny poziom realizacji założeń równości płci w środowisku akademickim. Wyniki badań: Potwierdzono wykorzystywanie strategii gender budgeting jako kluczowego narzędzia pomiaru i monitorowania poziomu zapewnienia równości płci na włoskich uniwersytetach, nie tylko w odniesieniu do kobiet, ale ogólnie do najmniej reprezentowanych płci, z perspektywy każdego planowanego działania, w każdym obszarze oraz na każdym poziomie organizacji. Strategia ta pozwala promować przejrzystość działań uczelni w zakresie równości płci oraz upowszechniać dobre praktyki, które zostały wcześniej wdrożone w różnych obszarach. Wnioski: Analiza wskazuje, że strategia gender budgeting jest kluczowym narzędziem pomiaru i monitorowania poziomu wdrożenia założeń polityki gender mainstreaming na uniwersytetach. Zastosowanie tego narzędzia świadczy również o przyjęciu przez organy zarządzające odpowiedzialności za eliminację dyskryminacji ze względu na płeć, a tym samym ochronę i promowanie dobrobytu pracowników uniwersytetów. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Analiza karier kobiet w środowisku akademickim na włoskich uniwersytetach i roli gender budgeting zaprezentowana w artykule ma na celu wniesienie wkładu do dyskusji naukowej na temat roli tej strategii w przeciwdziałaniu nierówności płci i poprawie ogólnych wyników uniwersytetów.
EN
This article is devoted to the outline of contemporary gender mainstreaming policy in Poland, the European Union and the world. The main focus is the sex and gender diversity in the communication of the academic environment and its negative implications which are presented in the light of the latest research. The article conveys a brief outline of the history of gender and feminist linguistics and its influence on the emergence on the gender mainstreaming policy. It is emphasized that there seems to be a crucial need to regulate and eliminate gender markers in language so as to decrease their negative implication.
PL
Zasoby ludzkie w organizacjach pozarządowych Mazowsza Płockiego a polityka równości szans kobiet i mężczyzn to próba diagnozy stopnia realizacji zasady równości szans kobiet i mężczyzn wśród NGO, w kontekście unijnej strategii gender mainstreaming. Opracowanie dotyczy zbadania, czy w III sektorze występują sytuacje związane z segregacją pionową i poziomą oraz tzw. „szklane zjawiska”. Zweryfikowano przekonania o panującej w III sektorze Mazowsza Płockiego sytuacji, która zasadniczo uzależniona jest od siły stereotypowych przekonań, zakorzenionych w gender.
EN
Human resources in non-governmental organizations of Płock Mazovia compared with the policy of equal opportunities for men and women is an attempt to diagnose the extent of its implementation among NGO in the context of the EU gender mainstreaming strategy. This study involves examining whether in sector III there occur situations related to vertical and horizontal segregations as well as the so-called “glass celing” phenomenon. Beliefs held in sector III of Płock Mazovia, concerning a situation which basically depends on the power of stereotypical gender-based presumptions, have been verified.
EN
The present article concentrates on the advent of gender mainstreaming as a method of incorporating gender perspective into public policies. It analyses the historical as well as the epistemological foundations of gender mainstreaming laid down during the Beijing Platform for Action Conference of 1995. Furthermore, it analyses the factors that led to the adoption of gender mainstreaming by the European Community’s institutions and the policy context in which it has been applied ever since. The aim of this article is to portray the epistemological framework of this soft law method as an open signifier for different perceptions of gender. For these purposes, the article analyses the “subject positioning” within the framework of 13 projects on tackling human trafficking in EIGE’s tool for good practice sharing .
EN
The following article deals with the issue of gender equality at text level. Adopting the feminist linguistics perspective the author has analyzed selected issues of three language versions of the Official Journal of the European Union that are theoretically equal in meaning. The analysis has shown that the texts are not equivalent in terms of referring to men and women, which may in turn influence the way the texts are perceived in different countries. The article aims to prove that when trying to establish gender equality at an international level, languages that are applied to achieve the goal should be equally gender-neutral, as any trial to cope with gender inequality by means of language that discriminates women is counter-effective.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia teoretyczne założenia i praktyczne zastosowania gender mainstreaming i gender budgeting. Są to programy wyrównawcze, inicjowane przez Unię Europejską, których celem są aktywizacja obywatelska oraz promowanie takich wartości jak: równość, konsensus, dialog i porozumienie, sprawiedliwe traktowanie, proporcjonalny podział i dystrybucja dóbr lub kapitałów (nie tylko finansowych, lecz także kulturowych i społecznych). Programy te obejmują szereg zinstytucjonalizowanych instrukcji i zaleceń, stworzonych po to, by poprawić sytuację społeczno-polityczno-ekonomiczną wszystkich obywateli, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kobiet. Ukierunkowanie na kobiety wynika z faktu, że w wielu krajach członkowskich UE (pomimo obowiązującego ustawodawstwa antydyskryminacyjnego oraz istnienia licznych instytucji stojących na jego straży) stanowią one grupę defaworyzowaną i marginalizowaną w sferze publicznej.
EN
The article presents the theoretical assumptions and practical applications of gender mainstreaming and gender budgeting. These are compensatory programs initiated by the European Union, which aim is to stimulate and promote civic equality, fairness, proportional distribution of wealth. They include a number of institutional measures aimed at improving the social situation of all citizens, with particular attention to the situation of women, because women – in many countries of the European Union – are disfavored.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje próbę oceny potencjału administracji samorządowej jako partnerki ruchu kobiecego i innych ruchów emancypacyjnych w Polsce, w promowaniu zmian społecznych na rzecz równości. Opracowanie wykorzystuje ramy teoretyczne związane z pojęciem państwowego feminizmu oraz polityk równościowych. Opiera się na wynikach badań nad stopniem instytucjonalizacji idei równego traktowania w ramach działań administracji samorządowej. Artykuł składa się z czterech głównych części. Pierwsza problematyzuje państwo w kontekście aktualnych postulatów ruchów emancypacyjnych w Polsce oraz obowiązujących ram prawnych. Druga określa obecny dorobek polskich gender studies związany z tym tematem i zaznacza teoretyczne punkty odniesienia dla badań empirycznych zaprezentowanych w części trzeciej. Ostatni fragment to dyskusja wyników przeprowadzona w kontekście aktualnych wyzwań stojących przed ruchami społecznymi, które podnoszą postulaty walki z dyskryminacją i wykluczeniem w Polsce.
EN
The article aims at evaluating the capabilities of local government as a partner of women’s and emancipation movements in Poland in promoting social changes in favour of greater equality. The paper employs theoretical framework of state feminism and gender equality politics. It is based on the research findings concerning the extent to which local government administration embraees the idea of equal treatment. The article consists of fours parts. The first one conceptualizes state with the reference to the present claims of emancipation movements in Poland and legal framework. The second part defines Polish gender studies’ achievements related to the topic. It also sets the theoretical background for the empirical research presented in the third part. The last section discusses the findings in the context of current challenges faced by social movements fighting discrimination and exclusion in Poland.
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