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Oeconomia Copernicana
|
2017
|
vol. 8
|
issue 4
523-535
EN
Research background: General grants in the system of local government finance should pursue five different functions. One of them is revenue equalization. This function is achieved if the revenue gap is reduced after the application of the subsidising mechanism. In addition, to be completed, the size of the support should be inversely proportional to own revenues. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to analyse the fulfilment of the revenue equalization function by general grants. Therefore, beside the theoretical analysis, which presents the general grants structure and the functions assigned to them, the article discusses the results of studies showing changes in the revenue gap after the application of the grant mechanism and the correlation between per capita own revenue and the amount of funds from selected parts (equalisation, balancing-regional, reserve, compensating) of the general grant. The following tentative research hypothesis was adopted: general grants fail to fulfil the revenue equalisation function. Methods: Two research methods were applied to achieve the aim of the article and verify the research hypothesis: descriptive statistics and correlation ? calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings & Value added: Based on the analyses, it was concluded that, once the corrective and equalising mechanism was applied, the range between the extreme per capita revenue values was reduced by 40?50% on average, at all local government levels, i.e. at commune (including cities with county right), county and province levels, in each year from the period analysed, i.e. 2012?2016. The correlation between the sizes of revenue before and after budget subsidising is always negative, whereas the strength of the relationship ranged between low and significant, depending on the local government level. It was found that general grants do fulfil the revenue equalisation function, which contradicts the initially formulated research hypothesis.
EN
Fiscal policy, including its expenditure aspect, is often discussed and analysed from a variety of angles in the literature on public finances, undoubtedly due to the major importance of this topic. However, not all areas of the expenditure part of fiscal policy have been subjected to in-depth analysis. One of the less discussed tools of fiscal policy consists of general purpose transfers, which are a certain type of expenditure passed from the central budget to local governments. This study focuses on presenting the systems for subsidising sub-national governments in selected European countries and evaluating, based on a synthetic measure, the fiscal policies of France, Italy, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Poland and Finland implemented by means of general transfers, with the aim of identifying the best fiscal policy with respect to subsidising and the characteristic features determining its success. The method of unitisation of statistical feature values was employed in this study to enable comparative analysis. As suggested by the results of the analysis, spanning the years 2003–2012, the highest-ranked fiscal policy implemented via general-purpose transfers has been developed in the Netherlands.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie systemu wpłat na jedną z trzech części subwencji ogólnej – regionalną. Skupia się wyłącznie na szczeblu wojewódzkim samorządu terytorialnego. Zakres czasowy obejmuje lata 2010–2012. Zakres przestrzenny obejmuje wszystkie województwa, jednak analizy przeprowadzone zostały z punktu widzenia jednego z nich – mazowieckiego, gdyż w większości lat jest ono jedyną jednostką wnoszącą tę część opłaty, zwaną również „janosiko-wym”. Rozważania teoretyczne przedstawiono na tle idei redystrybucji poziomej. Omówiono ponadto wyroki Trybunału Konstytucyjnego dotyczące zasad obliczania wpłat nakazujące skorygo-wać mechanizm w 2015 roku. Część analityczna zawiera dane o wysokości dochodów podatkowych decydujących o wielkości wpłat, kwotach (na 1 mieszkańca) wpłacanych przez wybrane wojewódz-twa oraz o ich wpływie na sytuację dochodową. Na podstawie analiz wpływu systemu na dochody sformułowano zalecenia jego modyfikacji. Dotyczą m.in. skrócenia przesunięcia czasowego (do obliczenia wielkości wpłat służą dochody uzyskane 2 lata wcześniej), wprowadzenia górnego limitu wpłat w stosunku do dochodów czy też zastosowania demograficznych współczynników korekcyj-nych pozwalających uwzględnić ludność faktycznie zamieszkującą region i korzystającą z jego infrastruktury. Celem zmian jest powstanie nowego modelu mechanizmu wpłat pozwalającego nawet największym płatnikom na prowadzenie polityki rozwoju finansowanej dochodami wła-snymi. W artykule zwrócono też uwagę na to, że zdaniem Regionalnej Izby Obrachunkowej w Warszawie „janosikowe” nie jest główną przyczyną problemów finansowych mazowieckiego.
EN
Article is focused on analysis of the contributions to the regional part of general grant in Po-land. It is limited to the regional level. The study covers the years 2010–2012. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of one of the region – Mazovia province, as in most years it is the only entity that is required to pay contribution to the regional part of general grant, commonly called ‘janosikowe’ (additional tax for one-person households). Theoretical discussions focus on legal status and principles of the mechanism on the background of the principles of horizontal redistribution. It also presented the Constitutional Court sentence concerning the rules for calculat-ing payments ordering to correct mechanism in 2015. The analytical part contains data on the amount of tax revenue which determine the size of the payments, the amounts (per capita) paid by some of the regions and their impact on revenue. On the basis of analysis, recommendations for modifications to the system have been included. The proposed modifications relate to reduce the time gap (data for the calculation of the payments date back two years earlier), the use of an upper limit on payments in relation to revenue or inclusion demographic correction factors that allow to take into account the population actually living in the region and benefiting from its infrastructure.
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