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Możliwości i bariery akcesji Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej: wybrane aspekty

100%
Mykhailovska N.
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne
|
2015
|
vol. 17
115 - 130
EN
The article includes a research about opportunities and barriers in the process of European integration in Ukraine. Three main aspects were chosen: geopolitical position, corruption and differentiation of the regions. Each of these aspects is a significant obstacle to the transformation of Ukraine, but due to successful and effective reform they can become advantages which will help to transform the country into a European state. Since its independence Ukraine has become a barrier between East and West. Its geopolitical position played a negative role in determining priorities and directions of the foreign policy. As a result Maidan appeared, Crimea was annexed, terrorist activities in Eastern Ukraine began. All these events reflected negatively on integration and transformation processes in the country. However, Ukraine has chosen Western direction of development that can give wide opportunities in future. One of the negative factors hindering Ukraine’s way to Europe is the high level of corruption. According to Transparency International Ukraine was placed 142nd on the Corruption Perceptions Index in 2014. This indicates that it is one of the most corrupted countries in the world. Following the experience of European countries, first of all Czech Republic, the Government of Ukraine has developed anti-corruption strategy for 2014–2017. If it is successful, Ukraine has a chance to reduce corruption and it will also facilitate conditions for other reforms. Another aspect which has a negative influence on effective governance are regional differences. Poland is a good example of the country which could turn this disadvantage into advantage. Ukraine has adopted National Strategy for Regional Development 2020 which will provide effective control into the regions to direct their activity on development of local and country economy. Ukraine has a chance to change its position on the political map. The experience of neighboring countries which are members of the European Union and had completed the transformation process can help Ukraine to overcome most of the obstacles on the way to Europe and become a strong and prosperous state.
2
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Uwarunkowania bezpieczeństwa Polski na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

80%
Elak L.
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
|
2020
|
issue 2
33-47
EN
Poland – one of the countries of the former communist bloc, and a member of the Warsaw Pact after World War II – has undergone two major states of functioning on the international arena to this day. As a satellite country of the Soviet Union, it built its foundations of security and defence, based on the military and political strength of the Warsaw Pact against Western Europe, the United States, and generally against NATO. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the transformations that took place across Eastern Europe in the early 1980s resulted in a situation in which the country detached itself from the communist system, built its democracy and, as a neutral country, sought membership in NATO and the European Union, the two guarantors of building its own security policy and defence, given Poland’s geopolitical location. The goal of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the ways in which Poland built its national and international security at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries against the background of the wave of geopolitical changes taking place in Europe. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of Poland’s security environment after 1989, presents the chronology of changes made internationally to join Poland to both NATO and European structures, and the country’s contribution to supporting world peace.
PL
Polska jako jeden z wielu krajów dawnego bloku komunistycznego i członek Układu Warszawskiego przechodziła po II wojnie światowej dwa zasadnicze stany funkcjonowania na arenie międzynarodowej. Po pierwsze, będąc krajem satelitarnym Związku Radzieckiego, swoje fundamenty bezpieczeństwa i obronności budowała w oparciu o siłę militarną i polityczną UW przeciwko krajom Europy Zachodniej i Stanom Zjednoczonym, a więc przeciwko NATO. Po drugie, rozpad ZSRR oraz przemiany polityczno-społeczne i militarne w Europie Wschodniej na początku lat 80. XX w. spowodowały sytuację, w której Polska oderwała się od komunistycznego systemu. Pozwoliło jej to na budowanie demokracji i – jako krajowi neutralnemu – na dążenie do przynależności do NATO (również do Unii Europejskiej) jako gwaranta budowania własnej polityki bezpieczeństwa i obronności. Obecnie w drugiej dekadzie XXI w. Polska, ze względu na swoje niekorzystne geopolityczne położenie w Europie i aspiracje międzynarodowe, wiedzie prym w wywiązywaniu się z zobowiązań sojuszniczych oraz w zwiększaniu nakładów finansowych na modernizację przemysłu i zakupu nowych technologii, w tym na modernizację armii. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie czytelnikowi, jak Polska budowała swoje bezpieczeństwo narodowe i międzynarodowe na przełomie XX i XXI w., w aspekcie zmian geopolitycznych w Europie. W artykule zawarto dogłębną analizę środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski po roku 1989, przedstawiono chronologię zmian dokonywanych na arenie międzynarodowej w celu przyłączenia Polski do NATO i struktur europejskich oraz wkład naszego kraju w wspieranie pokoju na świecie.
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