Search results

1

Fragmentation and the value-added structure of exports in Polish industry

100%

Posłuszny K.

Managerial Economics

|

2015

|

vol. 16

|

issue 2

149-159

XX

The accession to the European Union contributed to an increase in Poland’s foreign trade, and the growing export market is coupled with an increasing importance of intermediate imports, which is necessary to produce goods of appropriate quality and price. This phenomenon is a part of the process of fragmentation in global value chains. Fragmentation of the value chains should manifest themselves, in particular, in a multi-phase manufacturing process that requires many components of different types. In this paper, the recently available OECD database of the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) has been used to assess changes in the composition of gross exports of Poland and other Central Europe countries. In Poland, practically all sectors show a growing share of the imported value added. The cases analyzed confirm the thesis that the high technology sectors foster fragmentation. In the case of technologically less advanced sectors and short-value chains, benefits of fragmentation are limited. The progressing fragmentation and, as a consequence, a growing share of the imported value added made the gross export value (which is commonly used in statistics) of little use for the analysis of the economic role and competitive position of sectors. However, thanks to new projects based on I-O matrices of the global economy, it is possible to decompose gross exports into respective domestic and foreign value-added streams.

2

Central and Eastern European states in global production linkages: country-level and sector-level analysis

100%

Cieślik E.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2017

|

vol. 2017 (44)(2)

38-60

EN

The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.

3

The Prospects of Ukraine's Integration into Global Value Chains Within the Framework of European Integration

100%

Sevastyanov R.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

|

2021

|

issue 2(56)

100-115

EN

Objectives: The purpose of the article is to analyze the current current indicator of export-import activity of Ukraine's economy in the context of interaction with European countries. Research Design & Methods: The research methods used in the study are as follows: analysis and study of literature, scientific description, Internet research, observation, statistical and structural , table presentation of data. Findings: The results of the reserach prove that the economical interaction between Ukrainе an EU has economic potential for growth. Statistical trends of growth of indicators of export-import activity in the context of global value chains (GVC) are revealed. The tendency of growth of intensity of economic relations between Ukraine and the EU countries is established. Examples of integration of Ukrainian enterprises into global value chains are given. Statistical analysis showed that export products (mainly agricultural and industrial products) from Ukraine generated 42.1% of total international sales in Eastern Europe in 2020. It was also investigated that more than 70% of Ukrainian IT exports are software development services that are outsourced to third parties. Implications/Recommendations: Recommendations for Ukraine's integration into global business services can include developing services in context of GVC, developing international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms. The basis for successful integration into GVC must be the development of innovative ecosystems of industrial high technologies. It is important to develop innovative industrial high-tech ecosystems for successful integration into GVC. Contribution/Value Added: The author tries to formulate modern directions of development for further integration of the Ukrainian economy into global value chains in the context of cooperation with EU countries.

4

The role of the One-Belt One-Road initiative in China's exports and global value chains

100%

Wolszczak-Derlacz J., Lu Y.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2022

|

vol. 17

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issue 2

317-341

EN

Research background: China is regarded as the ?world factor? highly involved in international trade and plays an increasingly important role in the global value chains (GVC). Additionally, the ?One-Belt One-Road? (OBOR) initiative was proposed by the Chinese government to further promote China in the international market. Purpose of the article: The article explores the role of the OBOR in China?s exports and global value chain. It aims at: 1) verifying how OBOR impacts the volume of China's export and value-added export to its partners. 2) checking whether or not OBOR strengthens the industrial connection between China and its participants at the GVC level. 3) examining the different roles of corridors in China's exports and GVC. Methods: The empirical analysis is based on the augmented gravity model of international trade, which comprises China and its 197 partners in the period 2000?2018. The model is estimated for gross export as well GVC measured by domestic value added in export and the value contributed by a partner to China?s exports. Findings & value added: In general, there is a significant positive correlation between OBOR and the volumes of China?s export, domestic value-added trade and the value of partner?s contributed in China?s export. However, some of the results are blurred by OLS and FE methods. The author points out that FE-PPML estimation methods are more adequate. Among the six economic corridors, Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM), China-Pakistan (CP) and China Indochina Peninsula (CIP) were proven to play a prominent role in promoting China?s export, DVA and strengthening the links of global value chains. It is worth noting that the China-Mongolia-Russian Federation (CMRF) corridor harms China's export and DVA trade, and at the same time promotes countries in its region that benefit from trade with China.

5

Foreign direct investment in Tunisia: Performance, policies, prospects

88%

Bass H.-H.

International Business and Global Economy

|

2015

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vol. Volume 34

34–49

EN

Around the turn of the millennium, Tunisia achieved sizeable rates of economic growth. Given the additional fact of an increasing financial deepening and an emerging industry, the country had been considered by many observers as one of the ‘African Lions.’ However, even before the Arab Spring movements started in Tunisia, the average growth rate was still far from the rate required for a fast catch-up with high income economies. This article aims at analysing the role which foreign direct investment (FDI) has played and can play in spurring economic growth in Tunisia. It analyses domestic saving and investment as well as presents patterns of FDI and present promotional policies. The author argues that foreign direct investment can help to overcome some constraints in capital accumulation and even contribute to ‘inclusive growth,’ i.e., a regionally, socially, and inter-generationally balanced growth pattern. There are, however, two preconditions: capital inflows must be directed by appropriate promotional policies and Tunisia must insulate itself from any negative repercussions from the present political unrest in the Middle East and North African region.

6

Risks and Opportunities of Participation in Global Value Chains

88%

Gereffi G., Luo X.

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics

|

2015

|

issue 2(4)

51-63

EN

Risk is inherent to the pursuit of opportunity. This paper draws on the recent literature and looks at the risks and opportunities firms and their workers face in the global value chains. First, it examines the sharing mechanisms that firms provide from the national and global perspectives; second, it takes a closer look at the new opportunities and challenges for firms and individuals in the global arena; third, it discusses the role of economic upgrading and social upgrading; and finally it sheds light on how the government can help people manage risks and reap the benefits of participation in global value chains.

7

The importance of services trade in global economy

88%

Myszkowska M.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

|

2014

|

issue 4(4)

28-45

EN

The objective of this article is to present the most important tendencies in the international services trade. Geographical and material dynamics and structure of international service transfers were analysed on the basis of the available statistical data. The growing role of services trade in mature economies and growing importance of services export of the developing countries were presented. The author also presented the pivotal role of services in the ongoing transformation of international trade and investment model, characterized by the delocalization of service functions and the participation of services in the global value chains. The attention was also drawn to the need of measuring trade, including services trade, through the criteria of value added at every stage of production.

8

Services in Global Value Chains – Emerging Markets’ Perspective

88%

Kuźnar A., Chilimoniuk-Przeździecka E.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

|

2016

|

vol. 26(4)

63-77

EN

The sourcing of services to manufacturing processes has recently become an important aspect of the global value chain concept since services have increasingly been embodied in manufactured products. Despite the ever-closer links between the two sectors, unbundling of many processes and sourcing them from overseas providers due to the cost reduction is vital for many firms in order to compete successfully in the global market. In this paper, we explain the nature and size of services contribution to global value chains and identify the most important market players. We argue that the increasing importance of services in manufacturing processes resulted in a widespread global sourcing of business services, especially innovation, which is essential for any business. It leads us to the conclusion that there are emerging economies raising and enhancing their position as service vendors next to the former (western) technology giants. JEL codes: F12, F23, 031

9

Uczestnictwo nowych państw członkowskich UE z Europy Środkowej w międzynarodowych sieciach dostaw

75%

Mroczek W.

Unia Europejska.pl

|

2013

|

issue 5

3-8

PL

Duży wpływ na dynamikę oraz strukturę sektorową i geograficzną handlu nowych państw członkowskich UE z Europy Środkowej (Czechy, Polska, Słowacja i Węgry) mają międzynarodowe sieci dostaw. W konsekwencji zmieniła się również zasadniczo rola państw w międzynarodowym podziale pracy. Obecnie kraje specjalizują się nie tyle w produkcji konkretnych dóbr, ile w poszczególnych etapach produkcji. Skutkiem fragmentaryzacji produkcji jest także wzrost współzależności między poszczególnymi gospodarkami. W efekcie wzrost popytu w strefie euro przyczynia się nie tylko do wzrostu importu strefy euro z czterech analizowanych nowych państw członkowskich UE, ale także do zwiększenia obrotów handlowych między nimi, natomiast spadek popytu w strefie euro wpływa na obniżenie się dynamiki obrotów m.in. polsko-czeskich. Statystyki wartości dodanej wskazują, że zwiększającej się intensywności handlu realizowanego wewnątrz międzynarodowych sieci dostaw towarzyszy wzrost udziału zagranicznej wartości dodanej w eksporcie oraz wzrost importu dóbr i usług pośrednich wykorzystywanych w produkcji przeznaczonej na eksport. Zwiększającej się intensywności współpracy w ramach GSC towarzyszy także wzrost znaczenia usług.

EN

A very large impact on the dynamics and structure of the industry and geographical trade of new EU member states form Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) have global supply chains (GSC). As a result, there has been a fundamental change in the role of states in the international division of labour. Currently, countries specialise not so much in the production of specific goods, but in various stages of production. The fragmentation of production has also increased interdependence between the economies. As a result, the growing demand in the eurozone stimulates not only imports from four mentioned new member states but also inter-regional trade. In turn, the decline in demand negatively affects the trade turnover, among others, between Poland and the Czech Republic. Statistics indicate the added value that the increasing intensity of trade within international supply chains is accompanied by an increase in the share of foreign value added in exports, and an increase in imports of intermediate goods and services used in export production. The growing intensity of cooperation within the GSC is also accompanied by the rising importance of services.

10

Region Of Southern Africa: International Trade And Global Value Chains

75%

Cieślik E.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

|

2014

|

vol. 14

|

issue 2

239-258

EN

Integration of Southern Africa has resulted in changes in trade structures and production process across borders. The aim of this article is to present transformations taking place in the structure of trade exchange of the Southern African states (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, and South Africa) that are members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), and the position of South Africa in global value chains. South Africa seems to be the group of the most advanced countries in analyzed region. The analysis takes advantage of both the conventional methods of comprehensive study on international trade and the modern indicators and measures examining similarity, concentration or the position of South Africa in global value chains in general and sectoral terms.

11

Global Value Chains : Position of Polish Economy

75%

Gołębiowska M.

Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka

|

2017

|

vol. 3

|

issue 22

153-164

PL

Procesy internacjonalizacji i fragmentaryzacji produkcji powodują, że coraz większą rolę w gospodarce światowej odgrywają międzynarodowe łańcuchy wartości dodanej. Powstałe w ten sposób powiązania, tworzą szansę międzynarodowej ekspansji zarówno lokalnych firm, jak i poszczególnych gospodarek. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza pozycji polskiej gospodarki w ramach globalnych łańcuchów wartości. W analizie wykorzystano dane: OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added Database (TIVA). Stwierdzono wyraźny wzrost udziału zagranicznej wartości dodanej w polskim eksporcie brutto w latach 1995-2011, co świadczy o rosnącej partycypacji polskiej gospodarki w ramach globalnych łańcuchów wartości dodanej.

EN

The processes of internationalization and fragmentation of production significantly increase importance of global value chains in the world economy. These economic links may be a way for the international expansion for local companies and individual economies. This article analyses the position of the Polish economy in the context of global value chains. The analysis used sources: OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added Database (TIVA). In the years 1995–2011, a significant increase of foreign value added’s involvement in Polish gross export was detected, which suggests a growing participation of Polish economy in the global value added chains.

12

Central and Eastern European states in global production linkages: country-level and sector-level analysis

75%

Cieślik E.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2017

|

issue 2(44)

38-60

EN

The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na wskazaniu miejsca krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w globalnych łańcuchach wartości (GVCs). Chcąc zlokalizować pozycję każdego kraju w GVCs (segment upstream lub downstream), zastosowano specjalną metodykę roli kraju w powiązaniach produkcyjnych. Z badania można wywnioskować, że (a) kraje EŚW różnią się poziomem uczestnictwa w powiązaniach produkcyjnych. Państwa, które mają silniejsze więzi z Europą Zachodnią, zwłaszcza z Niemcami są bardziej zintegrowane z GVCs; (b) duży udział eksportu brutto krajów EŚW przechodzi przez łańcuchy dostaw krajów Europy Zachodniej; (c) większość eksporterów z EŚW plasują się w dalszych segmentach produkcji, a nie na rynkach upstream.

13

The Dimensions of Territorial Embeddedness of the Business Services Sector in Central and Eastern Europe

75%

Geodecki T.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

|

2021

|

issue 2(56)

15-31

EN

The business services sector (BSS) is gaining an increasingly important position in the employment structure of Central and Eastern European (CEE) cities. With the emergence of global value chains, the demand for externally provided shared services for subsidiaries spread across the world, including accounting and IT services has grown. In recent decades, leading companies have recognised that thanks to remote communication, some services can be provided in places where labour costs are significantly lower. Even before the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, multinational corporations began to move the labour-intensive links of their value chains to the CEE countries. In the debate about the future of the BSS in these low-cost economies two challenges have been identified. The first one is the threat of relocation. The other one is associated with weaker linkages between service companies and local customers/suppliers than in Western Europe. These two challenges can be addressed by tackling the third one, namely increasing process efficiency. In consequence, even an increased share of foreign contractors does not have to reduce the scale of cooperation with local entities. The aim of this paper is first to propose a range of measures of territorial embeddedness to describe the phenomenon in question and the above-mentioned challenges, and second, to use these measures to determine the level and dynamics of embeddedness of the BSS in CEE economies. In the empirical part of the paper, changes in these three areas that make up territorial embeddedness are explored in depth. Eight divisions covering the BSS in CEE-11 countries were compared with their Western European counterparts at two points in time: in 2000 and 2014. The study relies on basic statistical data and calculations using input-output tables. It was found that due to productivity growth, the cost competitiveness of the BSS in the CEE countries was maintained in the period of interest, moreover, despite the growing internationalisation of the sector, the scale of cooperation of the BSS with local actors increased. The rapidly improving skills of employees in the Central European BSS as well as the growing importance of knowledge-intensive services in the structure of value added may further contribute to the importance of CEE as a location for business services in Europe.

14

Zmiany w handlu zagranicznym Polski w kategoriach wartości dodanej

63%

Ambroziak Ł., Marczewski K.

Unia Europejska.pl

|

2014

|

issue 6

6-17

PL

Artykuł analizuje zmiany w handlu zagranicznym Polski w latach 1995-2011 z punktu widzenia generowanych przez ten handel strumieni wartości dodanej. Podstawowym źródłem danych była baza WIOD (World Input-Output Database). Zbadane zostały zmiany struktury polskiego handlu według źródeł pochodzenia wartości dodanej oraz źródeł jej przeznaczenia, a w szczególności zmiany udziału zagranicznej wartości dodanej (a tym samym krajowej wartości dodanej) w polskim eksporcie oraz zmiany udziału krajowej wartości dodanej, zawartej ponownie w eksporcie innych krajów. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, iż między latami 1995 i 2011 udział krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie Polski zmalał o ok. 16 pkt. proc. Tym samym Polska znalazła się wśród krajów UE, których zaangażowanie w globalne łańcuchy wartości w badanym okresie wzrosło najbardziej, przede wszystkim jako odbiorcy części i komponentów do produkcji proeksportowej.

EN

The article presents changes in the Polish foreign trade in the years 1995-2011, using trade statistics in value added terms. The main source of the data was the World Input-Output Database (WIOD). The research included changes in the Polish trade pattern by origin of value added and its destination, especially changes in the share of foreign value added (and domestic value added) and domestic value added embodied in exports of the third countries. The research results show that the share of the domestic value added in Polish export decreased by 16 percentage points during the period of 1995-2011. Thus, Poland was among the EU countries whose involvement in global value chains in the period increased most, especially as recipient of parts and components for the needs of export-oriented production.

15

Jak awansować w światowej lidze gospodarczej? Kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w globalnych łańcuchach wartości

63%

Geodecki T., Grodzicki M.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

|

2015

|

issue 3(33)

16-40

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie właściwości współczesnej fali globalizacji na gruncie koncepcji globalnych łańcuchów wartości (ang. global value chains, GVC) oraz wyciągnięcie pozytywnych i normatywnych wniosków, jakie z niej płyną dla państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W szczególności zarysowano naturę wyzwań, przed którymi obecnie stoją te kraje, oraz dokonano refleksji nad pożądanymi kierunkami polityk publicznych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono rozwojowi technologicznemu umożliwiającemu uzyskiwanie wysokiej wartości dodanej. Rozważania teoretyczne uzupełniono i poparto argumentami empirycznymi w postaci opracowanych przez autorów wskaźników udziału gospodarek w GVC, a także wnioskami z literatury przedmiotu.

EN

The main objective of the article is to present the characteristics of the contemporary wave of globalization on the basis of the concept of global value chains (GVCs) and to draw on this basis positive and normative implications for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In particular, we have outlined the nature of the challenges currently faced by these countries and reflected on the desirable directions of public policies. Special attention has been given to technological development that enables gaining high value added. Theoretical considerations have been supplemented and supported by empirical arguments in the form of indices of integration of economies in the GVCs, as well as by the conclusions from the economic literature.

16

Znaczenie usług w globalnych łańcuchach wartości

63%

Chilimoniuk-Przeździecka E., Kuźnar A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2016

|

vol. 285

|

issue 5

141-156

EN

The aim of this article is to explain the importance of services in global value chains. In particular, we discuss the nature of this relatively new phenomenon and examine the share of services in these chains. We provide a critical analysis of literature and use a descriptive analytical method to validate the opinion that the “servicization” of business and the growing importance of services in manufacturing processes result in a widespread global sourcing of business services, especially innovation services. Despite the ever closer links between the two sectors, many firms find it vital to unbundle many processes and source them from overseas providers. This enables them to reduce costs and compete successfully in the global market. The research leads us to the conclusion that the sourcing of innovation has become a strategic tool for maintaining a competitive advantage, particularly for businesses that lack skilled employees and face high costs of acquiring new technology. That is why China and India, as suppliers of relatively cheap and qualified labor force, play an increasingly important role in the processes examined in this article, and are enhancing their position as service vendors capable of competing with Western technology giants.

PL

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie znaczenia usług w globalnych łańcuchach wartości. Omówiono zwłaszcza istotę tego stosunkowo nowego zjawiska oraz zbadano kształtowanie się udziału usług w tych łańcuchach. Dokonano krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu oraz zastosowano metodę analizy deskryptywnej w celu falsyfikacji poglądu, że serwicyzacja działalności gospodarczej i związane z nią rosnące znaczenie usług w procesach produkcyjnych skutkuje wzrostem globalnego sourcingu usług biznesowych, zwłaszcza innowacyjnych. Pomimo coraz ściślejszych powiązań między sektorem przemysłu i usług, rozdzielenie wielu procesów i zaopatrywanie się w nie u dostawców zagranicznych ze względu na redukcję kosztów jest istotne dla wielu firm chcących konkurować na rynku globalnym. Prowadzi to autorki do wniosku, że dostawy innowacji stały się strategicznym narzędziem utrzymania przewag konkurencyjnych – szczególnie cennym dla firm borykających się z problemem niedoboru wykwalifikowanych kadr zarówno w przedsiębiorstwie, jak i w kraju macierzystym oraz wysokimi kosztami pozyskania nowych technologii. Z tego powodu Chiny i Indie, jako dostawcy relatywnie taniej i wykwalifikowanej siły roboczej, odgrywają coraz większą rolę w opisywanych procesach i, na rynku dostawców usług, stają się konkurentami gigantów technologicznych z wysoko rozwiniętych krajów zachodnich.

17

Wpływ ekspansji globalnych łańcuchów wartości na tendencje rozwojowe w światowym handlu

63%

Mińska-Struzik E.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

|

2015

|

issue 10(946)

37-52

PL

Przedmiotem rozważań przedstawionych w artykule jest wpływ rozwoju globalnych łańcuchów wartości na kształtowanie się strumieni światowego handlu. Poruszono kwestię intensyfikacji handlu będącej konsekwencją wielokrotnego przemieszczania części i komponentów pomiędzy rynkami, na których ulokowano poszczególne ogniwa łańcucha. Prowadzi to do sytuacji, w której wartość wymiany znacząco przekracza wartość dodaną w produkcji. W efekcie takiego przeszacowania wątpliwe stają się niektóre wnioski dotyczące np. istotnego wzrostu znaczenia krajów rozwijających się w światowym handlu czy wyraźnej zmiany ich przewagi komparatywnej. W artykule przedstawiono te i inne wady tradycyjnych miar. Omówiono też najnowsze osiągnięcia w zakresie opracowania i wdrożenia miar alternatywnych zmierzających do zwiększenia precyzji opisu struktury światowego handlu.

EN

The article examines the influence of the expansion of global value chains on the development of world trade. Nowadays trade is rapidly intensifying, due mainly to multiple movements of parts and components between the markets on which particular phases of production processes are placed. This has led the value of trade to far exceed the value added in production. As a result of such overestimation, some conclusions have become questionable – for example, that there would occur a significant increase in the importance of developing countries in world trade and a marked shift in their comparative advantage. The article presents these and other shortcomings of traditional trade measures. It also discusses the latest developments in the design and implementation of alternative measures, aiming to increase the precision of the descriptions of world trade.

18

Participation in GVCs and the size of an economy – the case of developed and developing economies

63%

Fronczek M.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

|

2020

|

issue vol. 64, nr 4

42-51

EN

The article aims to examine the relationship between the participation of developed and developing countries in GVCs and the size of their economies (GDP was adopted as a measure of the size of an economy). The results indicated a moderate but negative relationship between the GVC index and the GDP value, which means that larger countries were less involved in GVCs. However, the separation of developed countries from developing countries for the purpose of the analysis yielded interesting results. The calculations showed that the participation of developing countries in GVCs was on average only slightly weaker than the involvement of developed countries, but the relationship between the examined variables was only true for developed countries (the correlation coefficient indicated a moderate negative relationship). The participation of developing countries in GVCs, on the other hand, was not related to the size of their economies.

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie zależności pomiędzy zaangażowaniem krajów rozwiniętych i rozwijających się w GVC a wielkością ich gospodarek (jako miarę wielkości gospodarki przyjęto wartość GDP). Uzyskane wyniki wykazały słabą, ale ujemną zależność pomiędzy wskaźnikiem GVC a wartością GDP, tzn. że większe kraje były mniej zaangażowane w GVC. Jednak oddzielenie w analizie krajów rozwiniętych od rozwijających się dało bardzo interesujące wyniki. Obliczenia pokazały, że zaangażowanie krajów rozwijających się w GVC było przeciętnie niewiele mniejsze niż krajów rozwiniętych, ale zależność pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi była prawdziwa jedynie w odniesieniu do krajów rozwiniętych (współczynnik korelacji wskazywał na umiarkowaną zależność ujemną). Natomiast zaangażowanie krajów rozwijających się w GVC nie miało związku z wielkością ich gospodarek.

19

Potential and Actual FDI Spillovers in Global Value Chains

63%

Winkler D.

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics

|

2018

|

issue 2(10)

5-44

EN

Using unique survey data on direct supplier-multinational linkages in Chile, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, and Vietnam, this paper first evaluates how foreign investors differ from domestic producers in terms of their potential to generate positive spillovers for local suppliers. It finds that foreign firms outperform domestic producers on several indicators, but have fewer linkages with the local economy and offer less supplier assistance, resulting in offsetting effects on the spillover potential. The paper also studies the relationship between foreign investor characteristics and linkages with the local economy as well as assistance extended to local suppliers. It finds that foreign investor characteristics matter for both. Additionally, this paper examines the role of suppliers’ absorptive capacities in determining the intensity of their linkages with multinationals. The results indicate that several supplier characteristics matter, but these effects also depend on the length of the supplier relationship. Finally, the paper assesses whether assistance or requirements from the multinational influence spillovers on suppliers. The results confirm the existence of positive effects of assistance (including technical audits, joint product development, and technology licensing) on foreign direct investment spillovers, while we find no evidence for demand effects.

20

Zróżnicowanie krajów pod względem udziału krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie

51%

Doryń W.

|

2019

|

vol. 64

|

issue 7

32-47

EN

The emergence of global value chains entails that measuring the benefits of foreign trade cannot be limited to measuring trade flows nor their structure. The article aims at presenting the results of the time series cluster analysis of the share of the domestic value added of gross exports. It is based on data from the latest TiVA database (Trade in Value Added) from December 2018, covering the period 2005–2016. Four clusters of countries were identified. The cluster containing countries with the highest values of the national share of added value in exports included economies rich in natural resources (i.a., Saudi Arabia, Russia, South American countries), with a large internal market and involved in technologically advanced manufacturing processes/knowledge intensive services (including USA, Japan, Great Britain). A group with the lowest share of the domestic value added in exports (not exceeding 50%) contained small and open European economies of Luxembourg and Malta.

PL

Powstanie globalnych łańcuchów wartości sprawiło, że pomiar korzyści z handlu zagranicznego nie może ograniczać się do pomiaru strumieni handlu czy też ich struktury. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zróżnicowania krajów pod względem udziału krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie brutto. W badaniu posłużono się analizą skupień szeregów czasowych. Dane obejmujące okres 2005–2016 zaczerpnięto z najnowszej bazy TiVA (Trade in Value Added) z grudnia 2018 r. Otrzymano cztery skupienia krajów. W skupieniu o najwyższych wartościach udziału krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie znalazły się gospodarki bogate w zasoby naturalne (m.in. Arabia Saudyjska, Rosja, kraje Ameryki Południowej), mające duży rynek wewnętrzny oraz zaangażowane w zaawansowane technologicznie procesy wytwórcze/usługi o wysokim nasyceniu wiedzą (m.in. USA, Japonia, Wielka Brytania). W grupie o najniższym udziale krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie (nieprzekraczającym 50%) znalazły się małe i otwarte gospodarki europejskie – Luksemburg i Malta.

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Participation in GVCs and the size of an economy – the case of developed and developing economies

Potential and Actual FDI Spillovers in Global Value Chains

Zróżnicowanie krajów pod względem udziału krajowej wartości dodanej w eksporcie