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Płynna gramatyka. Wybrane problemy metodologii i dydaktyki gramatyki języka włoskiego

100%

Słapek D.

Italica Wratislaviensia

2016

issue 7

231-247

Italian grammar today is still subject to change and reinterpretation. In this article, I attempt to introduce some problems regarding Italian grammar from the point of view of the methodology of grammar didactics. It is not, therefore, a study of the standard Italian language; rather, it is mainly a reflection on the creation of grammar rules and their explication in grammar textbooks that are dedicated primarily to foreigners. The problems that students of Italian grammar may encounter are the following, among others: the presentation of outdated grammar structures (the differences between standard grammar and actual language practice); a lack of explicitly expressed rules for various language problems; a lack of discussion about grammatical differences that result due to sociolinguistic variations; and a lack of appropriate comments for some grammar issues, which cause difficulties for foreigners. I seek to suggest some methodological solutions and to define the features of grammar (textbooks) on an academic level that could help to overcome—at least partially—similar problems. All questions that I discuss in the present text are illustrated with examples taken from popular academic grammar textbooks written by Polish and Italian linguists.

Reguły gramatyczne języka włoskiego wciąż podlegają zmianom i reinterpretacjom. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu omówienie wybranych problemów języka włoskiego z puntku widzenia metodologii nauczania gramatyki. Nie jest to studium nad normą językową, lecz raczej refleksja nad tworzeniem reguł gramatycznych i ich eksplikacją w podręcznikach gramatyki opisowej języka włoskiego pisanych z myślą o obcokrajowcach. Problemy, jakie napotkać mogą czytelnicy gramatyk włoskich, to m.in.: przywoływanie reguł przestarzałych lub brak omówienia nowych, dopuszczalnych form gramatycznych (a zatem rozbieżności między normą gramatyczną a uzusem językowym), brak eksplicytnie wyrażonych reguł dla wybranych problemów językowych, brak omówienia różnic gramatycznych ze względu na społeczne odmiany języka, czy też brak stosownych komentarzy dla problemów gramatycznych sprawiających trudności obcokrajowcom. Spróbuję zaproponować pewne rozwiązania metodologiczne oraz nakreślić cechy gramatyki (podręcznika) na poziomie akademickim, które podobne problemy – przynajmniej w pewnym stopniu – pomogą przezwyciężyć. Omawiane w tekście kwestie zilustrowane są przykładami zaczerpniętymi z popularnych akademickich gramatyk języka włoskiego autorstwa polskich i włoskich językoznawców.

Il tipo "macchina da scrivere": tra norma, competenza grammaticale e sintassi storica

84%

Mastrantonio D.

Italica Wratislaviensia

2018

issue 9.1

107-121

In questo contributo affrontiamo i costrutti formati da “nome + da + infinito”, p. es. macchina da scrivere, macchina da cucire e altri. Nel corso del Novecento, espressioni come quelle appena menzionate sono state giudicate sbagliate da una certa tradizione grammaticale; al loro posto, secondo questi grammatici, si sarebbero dovuti usare i costrutti concorrenti formati con la preposizione “per”, cioè macchina per scrivere, macchina per cucire ecc. Questa posizione ha influenzato almeno una generazione di discenti ed è stata contestata dagli storici della lingua, i quali hanno mostrato che le forme con la preposizione “da” sono ben attestate fin dall’italiano antico, p. es. tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, cane da combattere. Ciò che finora non è stato fatto è cercare una spiegazione in termini linguistici di questa apparente contraddizione. La soluzione può essere trovata prendendo in considerazione una rianalisi sintattica che si è verificata nel passaggio dall’italiano antico all’italiano contemporaneo. Tale rianalisi interessa il fenomeno della transitività: mentre nell’italiano antico il ruolo sintattico del nome che regge “da + infinito” non aveva nessuna rilevanza nella formazione del costrutto, nell’italiano contemporaneo tale nome deve corrispondere al complemento diretto del verbo all’infinito (p. es. libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, ma *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Forme come macchina da scrivere sono sopravvissute alla restrizione in quanto polirematizzate, pertanto avvertite come unità non separabili.

In this paper, we deal with constructions featuring a noun followed by “da + infinitive”, such as macchina da scrivere and macchina da cucire. During the 20th century, such phrases were considered wrong by some grammarians; the rule that grammarians proposed instead was to modify such constructions by replacing the preposition da with the preposition per, as in macchina per scrivere and macchina per cucire. As a matter of fact, this prescription influenced at least one generation of students, as can be seen in posts and discussions found on websites and in grammar questions addressed to linguists. Historical linguists reject such a prescription, showing that constructions with da frequently are found in Old Italian texts, as in tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, and cane da combattere. Until now, there have been no attempts to provide a linguistic explanation of the state of things. The apparent contradiction can be solved if one takes into account a syntactic re-analysis that took place within the transition from Old to Modern Italian: the syntactic role of the name preceding “da + infinitive” has no relevance in Old Italian; on the contrary, in Modern Italian, the name must correspond to the direct object of the infinitive (i.e., libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, but *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Phrases like macchina da scrivere were not affected by such a restriction, as they are phrasemes, hence perceived as a unity.

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2 Italica Wratislaviensia

1 2018

1 2016

1 Mastrantonio D.

1 Słapek D.

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Płynna gramatyka. Wybrane problemy metodologii i dydaktyki gramatyki języka włoskiego

Il tipo "macchina da scrivere": tra norma, competenza grammaticale e sintassi storica