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EN
The article discusses higher education in engineering and technology of the second generation of the Polish Great Emigration in France. It begins with an overview of the network of grandes écoles functioning in the second half of the 19th century, admission and study rules, and the position of these schools within the entire system of higher education. Then it presents the biographies of outstanding graduates of the Polish émigré school at Batignolles, who managed to enrol at the government schools in question. Selected, little-known careers of émigré students are shown as part of the upward mobility trend within the whole generation. The author also tackles the problem of preserving Polish national identity in the context of France’s cultural elite.
EN
Since 1929 French historiography has been influenced by the Annales School (École des Annales). Both the founders and the first generation (1929–1945) Annales are considered by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. Its leading lights at that time drew their inspiration from Auguste Comte’s positivist philosophy and proceeded in a way different from the so‑called methodic school that had affected the historical branches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Until 1945, the Annales School represented of edge branch of French historiography. After 1945, her leaders came to the top positions in universities (and especially in Paris) and began to point the whole of French historiography. It was only then that they became a real school. It was the Annales that had changed approach to history. Its achievements were based on its more global view of the historical issues under review and especially on its efforts to foster cooperation and links among interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary institutes (among historians, sociologists, economists, mathematicians, geographers, anthropologists, psychologists, etymologists, statisticians, demographers, climatologists etc.).
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