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EN
The article explores the frequency and intensity of childcare provided by grandparents. It uses the 2006/2007 SHARE data for 12 countries with a special focus on the Czech Republic. Past research usually distinguishes between the North-European model with high frequency and low intensity grand-parenting and the Southern-European model with low frequency and high intensity grand-parenting. This article shows that the Czech Republic – along with Germany and Austria – cannot be easily classified into these two broad patterns. Czech grandparents tend to participate in childcare with low frequency and low intensity, particularly in the case of children under 3 years of age. Low maternal labor force participation is used as an argument explaining this finding.
EN
This article focuses on two generations of women in the Czech Republic who are currently mothers or grandmothers of young children. Based on interviews that were carried out with 20 mothers and 20 grandmothers of children under the age of 10, the article analyses what kinds of expectations are attached to the role of grandmother and how the norm of ‘good’ grandmother is constructed by different generations of women. The author identifies three strong norms of grandmothering: the norm of non-interference, the norm of constant availability, and the norm of activity. The narratives of both the mothers and the grandmothers reflected a strong ‘gendered contact’ between the two generations, which is based on a generational transfer of caring responsibilities. A new norm, the norm of activity, is mainly constructed by mothers and it involves the idea that a ‘good’ grandmother provides not just instrumental care but above all ‘adventures’. Both the mothers and the grandmothers pointed out how the family role of grandmothers had changed compared to past generations of grandmothers. The article analyses the (changing) norms of grandmothering in relation to the changing cultural representation of ageing and especially in relation to ideas about active ageing, and it highlights some of the contradictory expectations that are attached to the role of grandmothers as a result of the inconsistent/clashing demands being made of them.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2011
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vol. 14
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issue 4(53)
225-245
EN
Grandparents in the legal sense have a number of individual rights, both under the Civil Code (right to statutory inheritance), Family and Guardianship Code (right to alimony, quasi alimony, contact with grandchildren), and several other acts. Number of these rights, however, is limited. Regulation of relations between grandparents and grandchildren are regulated in the property and non-property spheres. But these rules are not complete. Grandparents are usually united with grandchildren by the most powerful legal and family ties, which has not only a property dimension, but above all the emotional one. It is difficult to anticipate whether all grandparents should have the same legal status. The regulation of Family and Guardianship Code shows that there is no such a differentiation. Similarly, the provisions of the Civil Code do not introduce this differentiation. The regulations contained in the provisions of other laws often make the acquisition of certain rights of the grandparents meet additional requirements (cohabitation, being a close person, household member, or running together of the household or farmstead).
EN
Grandparental care of grandchildren is a highly gendered institution, with women being more likely to participate in it than men. This article studies whether and why care by grandmothers and grandfathers is influenced by their family arrangement. Following previous research, the authors focus on the mediating role of grandmothers in the involvement of men in caring for their grandchildren. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data about grandparents with small grandchildren (under ten years of age). The quantitative analysis is based on SHARE data and identifies whether the involvement in care depends on gender and the partnership arrangements of grandparents, controlling for a number of other characteristics of families. The analysis reveals a strong positive impact of the presence of a partner on the engagement of men (but not women) in grandparental care. This effect is present among both intact families and families with more complex arrangements. The qualitative analysis of 20 interviews with mothers and 20 interviews with grandmothers provides a deeper understanding of these results. It shows that the involvement of grandparents is shaped by the gender-specific notions of care competence and grandparental roles held by the participants and also by the kin-keeping activities of women. Grandmothers, compared to their male counterparts, are perceived as more capable of satisfying the needs of a small child. They also do more work on maintaining intergenerational family relationships and arranging care. They actively (sometimes in very sophisticated ways) involve their partners in the care of grandchildren.
EN
The aim of this paper is to make a quick overview of the literature concerning not only the variety of concepts of ageing and activities that older people may take in their free-time, but also the significance of intergenerational family relationships, especially the grandparents-grandchildren relationship. On this background authors’ own research on this topic is presented. The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis that younger grandparents are more vital and have more free-time activities than the older. Moreover, the findings indicate the importance of role that grandparents may play in grandchildren’s life (‘stabilizer’, ‘family national guard’, ‘arbiter’, ‘historian’) regardless of their age. It is also shown that with increasing age and declining social networks grows the need to maintain close contact with younger generations of the family.
EN
The main aim of this article is to present the results of studies on the involvement into the role of grandparents and relationship with their grandchildren, and the importance of grandchildren with building a well-being of grandparents in terms of meaning and purpose of life. The research bases on the latest reports of psychological and sociological researches and on classification of styles of grandparenting proposed by Cherlin and Furstenberg. The results indicate the existence of differences between styles of grandparenting (involved, companionate, remote). The differences are related to contacts between grandchildren and grandparents, the amount of the forms of activities with grandchildren, the level of help which the grandparents offer to the parents and the significance that grandchildren have with building well-being of grandparents.
PL
Dziadkowie to przedstawiciele najstarszego rodzinnego pokolenia, swoisty pomost pomiędzy przeszłością a przyszłością. Dla młodszych generacji stanowią często wsparcie: ekonomiczne, opiekuńcze oraz wychowawcze. Służą nieocenioną pomocą w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Szczególna więź łączy ich z pokoleniem wnuków. Widzą w nich przedłużenie własnego życia i budują z nimi wyjątkowe relacje emocjonalne. Pełnienie funkcji aktywnych dziadków daje im możliwość czerpania satysfakcji, odmłodzenia, poczucia bycia ważnymi oraz potrzebnymi. Rola dziadków wymaga również doskonalenia się, swoistej edukacji. Bez stosownej refleksji można bowiem, będąc babcią i dziadkiem, popełniać szereg błędów.
EN
Grandparents are the representatives of the eldest generation in the family, constituting a sort of bridge between the past and the future. They frequently provide financial, protective and educational support to the youngest generation. They also provide invaluable help in critical situations. There exists an extraordinary bond between them and their grandchildren. Grandparents view them as a continuation of their own lives and establish exceptional emotional relationships with them. Their performance of the role of active grandparents boosts their satisfaction, makes them feel younger, important and needed. The role of grandparents also requires constant self-improvement as well as special education. Without relevant reflection, though, grandparents may commit one mistake after another.
EN
This paper is focused around the various aspects of a specific kind of kinship foster care provided by grandparents. Major goals of the part of the extensive research presented in the paper are to characterize the process of the acceptance of a child into a foster care by grandparents, examine the most common reasons for the need of foster care, capture the ways children react to the separation from their biological parents and, last but not least, describe children’s relationships with their parents, their mutual contact and expectation of the relationship’s further stages. These goals are evaluated from the grandparents' perspective. Methodologically, the paper is based on a qualitative research. The screening method used was semi-structured interview with grandparent fosters. The sample consisted of 20 women and men – grandparents who have been providing foster care to at least one grandchild for the minimum of two years. In total, there were 21 grandchildren in grandparents’ foster care researched. The results of the research show that children are going to foster care for a variety of causes, which we divided into three categories: socially unacceptable behavior of the parents (alcohol/drug abuse, being involved in crime, physical abuse of the child, neglected child or similar reasons), personal qualities of the parents (unreadiness to raise a child due to parents’ early age, irresponsibility, aggression, psychological instability) and parents’ personal life events (end of a partner relationship, leaving the child, relocation, job loss, lack of funds, …). Children’s reactions to the separation from parents showed on emotional, cognitive and behavioral levels. Personally in touch with their mothers were 15 of the children, while only 8 with their fathers. Due to the rising number of grandparents providing kinship foster care the findings of the research can be found useful in the field of psychological counseling or for professionals working with foster families.
CS
Článek se zabývá specifickou problematikou příbuzenské pěstounské péče, kdy o dítě pečují jeho prarodiče. Hlavními cíli zde prezentované části výzkumu, která je součástí rozsáhlejšího projektu, bylo charakterizovat proces přijetí vnoučete do pěstounské péče jeho prarodičů, zmapovat příčiny svěření, detekovat způsoby reagování dětí na odloučení od biologických rodičů a v neposlední řadě popsat vztahy vnoučat s jejich rodiči, vzájemný kontakt i očekávání vývoje vztahu do budoucnosti. K těmto cílům je přistupováno z perspektivy prarodičů. Z metodologického hlediska se jedná o kvalitativní výzkum. Metodou sběru dat byly polostrukturované rozhovory s prarodiči pěstouny. Výběrový soubor tvoří 20 žen a mužů, prarodičů, kteří mají v pěstounské péči alespoň jedno vnouče a vychovávají jej minimálně po dobu dvou let. Celkem participanti pečovali o 21 vnoučat. Výsledky výzkumu ukazují, že děti jsou do pěstounské péče prarodičů svěřovány z rozličných důvodů, které jsme uspořádali do tří kategorií: patologický způsob života biologických rodičů (užívání alkoholu, drog, trestná činnost, týrání a zanedbávání dítěte aj.), osobnostní charakteristiky rodičů (nezralost spojená s nízkým věkem, nezodpovědnost, agresivita, labilita aj.) a vliv životních událostí (rozpad partnerského vztahu, opuštění dítěte, odjezd do zahraničí, nezaměstnanost, nedostatek financí aj.). Reakce dětí na odloučení od rodičů se odehrávaly na emoční, kognitivní a behaviorální rovině. V osobním kontaktu s matkou bylo 15 dětí, zatímco osobní kontakt s otcem mělo 8 dětí. Vzhledem k rostoucímu počtu prarodičů pěstounů mohou být získané výsledky užitečné zejména v psychologickém poradenství a pro odborníky pracující s pěstounskými rodinami.
EN
THE ROLE OF GRANDPARENTS IN UPBRINGING – BASED ON YOUNG AND ELDER PEOPLE’S OPINIONS
PL
Dziadkowie pełnią ważne zadania w funkcjonowaniu polskiej rodziny. Część tych zadań związana jest z ich okresem życia. Szukają w swoim życiu wyczucia, głębszego sensu i porządku, oddziałując na rodzinę. Wspomniane aspekty odnoszą się do tak zwanego poczucia koherencji (SOC) w życiu, które można mierzyć metodami ilościowymi. Na wzrost poziomu SOC powinna mieć także filozofia, ze względu na jej szczególne zadania. Uwzględnienie tych wykładów w programie zajęć Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku (UTW) podniesie poziom SOC, a tym samym dodatkowo ułatwi wypełnianie dziadkom zadań rodzinnych..
EN
Grandparents play important roles in the functioning of the Polish family. Some of these tasks are related to their lifetime. They seek for coherence, deeper sense and order in their life, affecting the family. These aspects relate to the so-called sense of coherence (SOC) in life that can be measured by quantitative methods. The philosophy should also have an increase on the SOC level due to its specific tasks. Including philosophy lectures in the study program of the Third Age University (UTW) will increase the SOC level and, in the same way, will make it easier for grandparents to perform family tasks.
EN
The aim of this study is taking notice of a meaning which is currently attributed by young people to socialising and pedagogical influence of their grandparents. The main area of consideration is the family as a location of intergenerational transmission of values and intergenerational contacts. In order to show a particular type of cultural code transferred in the family environment, the author brings extracts of student narration, takes notice of a fact that issues of intergenerational relations grandparents – grandchildren settled on borderland of numerous disciplines, is an object of interest for intercultural education.
PL
Celem opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na znaczenie, jakie aktualnie młodzi ludzie przypisują oddziaływaniom socjalizacyjno-wychowawczym dziadków. Głównym obszarem rozważań staje się rodzina jako miejsce międzypokoleniowej transmisji wartości oraz międzypokoleniowych kontaktów. W celu ukazania szczególnego rodzaju kodu kulturowego przekazywanego w środowisku rodzinnym autorka przywołuje fragmenty narracji studentów, zwraca uwagę na fakt, że problematyka stosunków międzypokoleniowych dziadkowie–wnuki, osadzona na pograniczu wielu dyscyplin, jest także przedmiotem zainteresowań edukacji międzykulturowej.
EN
This contribution retraces the subjects of some novels by contemporary Italian writers of children’s literature. The novels were chosen amongst those that seem to best represent “good literature” that is able to build critical and creative readers and that is inclined to shape its own depiction of reality and to move in a utopian way towards the research. It is a literature that teaches children how to face life’s problems and find the right key to change the world in a democratic direction. The model of “nonconformist” literature to which this contribution refers looks at the epistemological model of Gianni Rodari and the fantastic creativity he uses to tell children about reality without restriction or censure. Rodari’s model has been recovered by many contemporary children’s literature writers, such as Donatella Ziliotto, Angela Nanetti, Bianca Pitzorno and Giusy Quarenghi. These authors are taken into account within this article for their ability to see literature as a tool for growth and a support for a child’s identity construction, with particular regard to gender identity, which today is still the focus of stereotypes and cultural conditioning that often weaken the development of children, negating their need to freely respond to their personal attitudes. A fundamental role in a child’s growth is played by grandparents, to whom some of these novels are addressed, as mediators amongst different generations and who are able to support children and young adults in the process of reconstructing their past and planning their future.
XX
Il contributo ripercorre il contenuto di alcuni romanzi di scrittori per l’infanzia italiani contemporanei, scelti tra quelli che appaiono maggiormente esemplificativi del modello di “buona letteratura”, capace di formare lettori critici e creativi, in grado di costruire una propria immagine del reale e di muoversi utopicamente nella direzione della ricerca. Una letteratura che insegna ai bambini ad affrontare i problemi che la vita pone e a trovare nella letteratura per l’infanzia la chiave di lettura per trasformare il mondo in direzione democratica. Il modello di letteratura ‘anticonformista’ al quale si fa riferimento nel contributo fa capo al modello epistemologico di Gianni Rodari e della sua creatività fantastica, da lui utilizzata per raccontare ai bambini la realtà senza cesure e inibizioni. Il modello rodariano è stato in seguito recuperato da molti scrittori per l’infanzia contemporanei, tra cui Donatella Ziliotto, Angela Nanetti, Bianca Pitzorno, Giusy Quarenghi, che vengono presi in considerazione nel contributo per la loro capacità di cogliere nella letteratura uno strumento di crescita, in grado di supportare il processo di costruzione dell’identità infantile, con particolare riferimento all’identità di genere, ancora oggi oggetto di stereotipi e condizionamenti culturali che spesso indeboliscono uno sviluppo, del bambino e della bambina, libero e rispondente esclusivamente alle loro attitudini personali. Un ruolo fondamentale nel processo di crescita infantile lo hanno i nonni, ai quali sono dedicati alcuni dei romanzi considerati, mediatori tra generazioni differenti e capaci di supportare bambini e ragazzi nel processo di ricostruzione del loro passato e nella progettazione del proprio futuro.
PL
Cel: W ostatniej dekadzie w wielu krajach na świecie obserwuje się wzrost liczby rodzin z pominiętym pokoleniem, w których dziadkowie przejmują obowiązki związane z wychowaniem wnuków. Opisywane zjawisko staje się również coraz bardziej powszechne w Polsce. Artykuł prezentuje wybrane wyniki badań, których celem jest lepsze zrozumienie doświadczeń dziadków wychowujących wnuki w rodzinach z pominiętym pokoleniem. Metody: Uczestnicy zostali celowo wybrani spośród dziadków wychowujących wnuki, żyjących w rodzinach z pominiętym pokoleniem w województwie podlaskim. Dane zostały zebrane za pomocą częściowo ustrukturyzowanych wywiadów pogłębionych z 20 uczestnikami. Zastosowanie w badaniach perspektywy biograficznej pozwoliło na uzyskanie szczegółowych narracji dotyczących doświadczeń życiowych starszych dziadków w rodzinach z pominiętym pokoleniem. Wyniki i wnioski: Opowieści dziadków ukazują dwoistość doświadczenia składającego się jednocześnie ze stresu/satysfakcji, smutku/radości, bycia widzialnym/niewidzialnym. Rozwiązywanie problemów, z którymi borykają się dziadkowie żyjący w gospodarstwach domowych z pominiętym pokoleniem, jest istotne, ponieważ może zmniejszyć poziom stresu. Dlatego też konieczne jest wypracowanie modelu wsparcia dziadków wychowujących wnuki w rodzinach z pominiętym pokoleniem, co mogłoby mieć znaczenie w kontekście adaptacji do nowej sytuacji życiowej i zwiększenia dobrostanu psychicznego.
EN
Aim: In the last decade, many countries around the world have seen an increase in the number of skip-generation families in which grandparents take over the responsibility of raising grandchildren. The phenomenon described is also becoming more common in Poland. This article presents selected results of a study aimed at better understanding the experiences of grandparents raising grandchildren in skipped generation families. Methods: Participants were purposively selected from grandparents raising grandchildren living in skipped generation families in the Podlaskie Province. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 participants. The use of a biographical perspective in the research provided detailed narratives of the life experiences of older grandparents in skip generation families. Results and conclusions: The grandparents’ stories show the duality of experience consisting simultaneously of stress/satisfaction, sadness/joy, being seen/not seen. Addressing the issues faced by grandparents living in households with the skipped generation is important as it can reduce stress levels. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model of support for grandparents raising grandchildren in skipped generation households which could be relevant for adapting to a new life situation and increasing psychological well-being.
EN
The world changes all the time, every human being has new challenges which he has to face. For senior citizens who started life in a very different reality than we live in nowadays it is harder to use the achievements of modern technology compared to youth generation. The role of grandmother and grandfather is also changing during years, but it still sustaines important for seniors, grandchildren and their parents. In order to prepare the elderly for this kind of very important activities the SuperGrandma and SuperGrandpa school was created. It consists of an innovative method of activating seniors from Senior Clubs or University of the Third Age in a very interesting and entertaining way. The purpose of the article is to present the capabilities of the school, how they are done, what kind of initiatives are done and what kind of advantages does it give to grandmothers and grandfathers that do attend the program.
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2020
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vol. 10
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issue 1
175-188
EN
Changes in the family in recent years have contributed more and more frequently to grandparents taking over roles related to caring for grandchildren. Therefore, it becomes important to look for an answer to the question about factors determining the nature of the relationship between grandchildren and grandparents – parents. The purpose of this paper is to present research results showing the relationship between grandchildren and grandparents – parents and the role that the eldest family members played, in the opinion of grandchildren, in their lives.
PL
Zmiany zachodzące w ostatnich latach w rodzinie coraz częściej przyczyniają się do przejmowania przez dziadków ról związanych z opieką nad wnukami. Dlatego też ważne staje się poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące czynników warunkujących charakter relacji pomiędzy wnukami a „dziadkami-rodzicami”. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań ukazujących relacje pomiędzy wnukami a „dziadkami-rodzicami” oraz rolę, jaką najstarsi członkowie rodziny odegrali, zdaniem wnuków, w ich życiu.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of the importance of multi-generational families for the functioning of home reading environments, especially for the development of reading and language skills of children in middle childhood. A descriptive and critical analysis of the literature was conducted in order to find an answer to the question of how grandparents can contribute to their grandchildren’s early literacy education, as well as to identify the theoretical and empirical grounds for the possibility of mutual intergenerational learning between grandparents and grandchildren through joint activities in the home reading environment. The text discusses the following issues: selected aspects of home reading environments, the importance of grandparents in developing grandchildren’s cognitive and language skills, opportunities for intergenerational learning, and the benefits of grandparents’ involvement in raising grandchildren. I also point out implications for pedagogical practice, including the need to intensify educational partnership activities to foster the development of children’s language and reading skills through their interactions with grandparents. The data collected from the analysis of Polish and foreign literature provides arguments in favor of the need to promote activities supporting intergenerational learning initiatives in home reading environments.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę dotyczącą znaczenia rodzin wielopokoleniowych dla funkcjonowania domowych środowisk czytelniczych, w szczególności dla rozwijania umiejętności czytelniczych i językowych dzieci w okresie średniego dzieciństwa. Przeprowadzona analiza opisowo-krytyczna literatury miała na celu znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie w jaki sposób dziadkowie mogą się przyczyniać do wczesnej alfabetyzacji wnuków, a także rozpoznanie teoretycznych i empirycznych przesłanek pozwalających określić możliwości wzajemnego międzypokoleniowego uczenia się dziadków i wnuków w ramach podejmowanych w środowisku domowym wspólnych aktywności czytelniczych. W tekście omówiono kolejno zagadnienia dotyczące: wybranych aspektów domowych środowisk czytelniczych, roli dziadków w rozwijaniu umiejętności poznawczych i językowych wnuków, możliwości wynikających z międzypokoleniowego uczenia się oraz korzyści z zaangażowania dziadków w wychowanie wnuków. Wskazano również implikacje dla praktyki pedagogicznej, odnoszące się m.in. do potrzeby intensyfikacji podejmowanych w ramach partnerstwa edukacyjnego działań sprzyjających rozwijaniu umiejętności językowych i czytelniczych dzieci poprzez kontakty z dziadkami. Zgromadzone w wyniku analizy polskiego i zagranicznego piśmiennictwa dane dostarczyły argumentów na rzecz potrzeby promowania działań wspierających inicjatywy międzypokoleniowego uczenia się w ramach domowych środowisk czytelniczych.
EN
The article deals with the educational role of seniors (grandparents) in the family. The aim is to show a specific educative and socializing role in the areas of family upbringing, cultural and social education, religious-moral upbringing and analysis of their rationalized intellectual capital as the wisdom of an old man. The analysis shows that the roles of seniors still have an important educative impact on adolescent grandchildren. Good contacts with grandparents teach teens love and care for each other, learn about family history, traditions and faith at home. They are still the guards of collective memory, family ties, chronicles of history, wisdom of faith, morality and cultural heritage. It is noticed, however, that advice given to the young generation is not for everyone a universal recipe for a happy life.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje tematykę wychowawczej roli seniorów(dziadków) w rodzinie. Celem jest ukazanie konkretnie wychowawczej i socjalizacyjnej roli w obszarach: wychowanie w rodzinie, wychowanie kulturowe, wychowanie społeczne, wychowanie religijno-moralne oraz analiza ich kapitału intelektualnego racjonalizowanego, jako mądrość starca. Z analizy wynika, że role seniorów nadal mają ważny wpływ wychowawczy na dorastających wnuków. Dobre kontakty z dziadkami uczą nastolatków miłości i troski o drugiego człowieka, poznania historii rodziny, tradycji i wiary w domu.  Wciąż są jeszcze strażnikami: pamięci zbiorowej, więzi rodzinnych, kronikarzami historii, mądrością wiary, moralności i dziedzictwa kulturowego. Zauważa się jednak, iż rady udzielane młodemu pokoleniu nie dla wszystkich stanowią uniwersalną receptę na szczęśliwe życie.
EN
The abyss is most often discussed from the point of view of the Scripture or human existential experience. The purpose of this article is to show the abyss in the icon where these two aspects are present. Applying reference and comparison methods, one can see the victory of Jesus Christ, which takes place in sheol over Satan and his rebellious angels. The victory accomplished on the cross by the Savior has its continuation here because in the icon it becomes the gate to heaven for the righteous dating back to Adam and Eve, the first parents of humankind. Rich symbolism of the icon Descend into the Abyss from various icon schools allows us to make a broad theological interpretation which becomes an inspiration for further research and the discovery of its message and symbolism, in the dogmatic, spiritual, liturgical, homiletic, artistic and psychological dimensions.
EN
In this paper I deal with the issue of care that older people provide to others. In the traditional paradigm, older people are being perceived as recipients of care, but there are new views that show that they are also important providers of care, especially for those of younger age. This text focuses on the purpose for the three major social roles of older people—the role of grandparents, the role of care giving, and the economical role, as well as the intensity with which older people perform these roles. It also describes the balance of these roles and the effects this harmonization brings for the well-being of the older person. As the primary source, the data SHARE 2010 for the Czech Republic is being used. The results showed significant activity of the older people in the intergenerational family solidarity. Most of older people babysit their grandchildren, approximately one-third of them provide personal and practical assistance to other individuals. All such care, whether it be for grandchildren or for other relatives, is often quite intense. The data indicated traditionally higher participation of women in care. A surprising finding from the analysis, though, is the minor effect of the care on well-being of the care giver.
PL
W artykule zajmuję się zagadnieniem opieki, którą starsze osoby świadczą na rzecz innych. Zgodnie z tradycyjnym paradygmatem starsze osoby są postrzegane jako odbiorcy opieki, jednakże występują także sytuacje, kiedy są one również ważnymi wykonawcami opieki, szczególnie kierowanej do osób, które są od nich młodsze. Tekst koncentruje się na trzech głównych rolach społecznych pełnionych przez osoby starsze: dziadków, opiekunów i roli ekonomicznej. Uwzględnia także stopień intensywności, w jakim pełnią one te role i opisuje związany z nimi bilans oraz korzyści płynące z ich ‘zgrania’ na rzecz dobrego samopoczucia osób starszych. Głównym źródłem są dane dla Czech pozyskane w ramach badania SHARE 2010. Wyniki wykazały istotną aktywność starszych osób pod względem międzypokoleniowej jedności rodziny. Większość z nich opiekuje się swoimi wnukami, a około 1/3 tej populacji świadczy zindywidualizowaną i praktyczną pomoc dla innych. Wszystkie rodzaje opieki, bez względu na to, czy pomoc dotyczy wnuków czy innych krewnych, w wielu przypadkach są dość intensywne. Dane wykazały, że udział kobiet w tej pomocy jest tradycyjnie wyższy. Jednym z zaskakujących wyników tej analizy jest niewielki skutek, jaki ten typ opieki wywiera na dobre samopoczucie samego opiekuna.
PL
Tematyka rodziny zajmuje szczególne miejsce w nauczaniu papieża Franciszka. Ojciec Święty wielokrotnie w swoich przemówieniach i listach nawiązuje do własnego doświadczenia rodziny, podkreśla, jak ważna jest rodzina w dobie kryzysu wartości w czasach, gdy relatywizacji podlegają podstawowe prawa jednostki. Wychodząc naprzeciw tym potrzebom i pragnieniom, papież nie pomija żadnego z aspektów życia rodzinnego. W niniejszym artykule skupiam się na dwóch etapach życia: młodości i starości. Z jednej strony w Kościele jest spory procent osób w podeszłym wielu, społeczeństwa rozwinięte starzeją się i coraz pilniejszy do rozwiązania staje się problem niskiej liczby urodzeń i zadbania o seniorów, a z drugiej strony starość została zepchnięta na margines, odrzucona i nieakceptowana.
EN
The subject of the family occupies a special place in the teaching of Pope Francis. The Holy Father repeatedly in his speeches and letters refers to his own family experience, and emphasises how important the family is during the crisis of values in times when basic individual rights are subject to relativisation. To meet these needs and desires, the Pope does not overlook any aspects of family life. In this paper, the author focuses on its two stages: youth and old age. On the one hand, there is a large percentage of elderly people in the Church, developed societies are growing older and the issue of low birth rates and care for seniors becomes more and more urgent to solve, while on the other hand old age has been marginalised, rejected and unaccepted.
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