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EN
This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of gratitude. The rule of reciprocity basing on the psychological and social compulsion of giving and receiving gifts and services is one of the most important and permanent regulators of social, economic and political life. There are various concepts of reciprocity. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and ends with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of meeting. Regarding the concepts of gratitude, the rule of reciprocity may be expressed as the norms of social life inducing people to symmetrical behavior. The author points some of its factors.
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The paper has an exploratory character and provides an overview of selected perspectives on both downstream (“as you scratch someone else’s back, I will scratch yours”) and upstream (“pay it forward”) versions of indirect reciprocity. Sociobiologists’ point of view is presented, as their work has contributed to the fact that the reciprocity of openness to a third party has become a subject of research in other scientific fields. Next, the concept of downstream and upstream indirect reciprocity is explained, according to the nomenclature used by selected mathematical biologists and economists. Finally, a psychological view of both forms of indirect reciprocity (positive and negative) is given through theoretical considerations, examples of empirical studies, as well as selected mechanisms and determinants that may underlie the phenomenon.
EN
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between gratitude and certain components of well-being which are conducive to affirming life. Additionally, we also compared how experiencing joy impacts those components of well-being. A randomly chosen 1/3 of the participants was asked to recall an event from their past when they felt grateful. Another 1/3 was asked to recall an event from their past when they felt joy. The final 1/3 of the participants was the control group. Next, all participants filled in the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Then (taking turns) they completed the Social Ties Scale and the Social Trust Scale. Finally, all participants estimated the amount of beneficiary experiences and gratitude they had received in life. The results of the study indicate that both gratitude and joy enhance happiness, and that gratitude and joy play an important, although different in some respects, role as contributing factors to happiness. The results indicate a positive relationship between the balance in gratitude experiences and the examined aspects of well-being.
EN
I stand for a philosophical writing engaged in an ethical relation with discussed authors. The relation despite its obvious immeasurable value is based on a concrete context of the encounter, performed by a signifier. Gratitude is the phenomenon, which describes properly the ethical relation, for it at once opens the absolute dimension of an unique other and expresses some onthical content of gestures, gifts and signs, which Myself receives from the others. The article criticises Buber’s theory, due to its ignorance of difference, corporeality, linguistic sign, passivity, etc. For that reason I use Derridian concepts, that enhance (but consequently deconstruct) Levinasian principles.
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Thanking, belonging to expressive speech acts, according to the classification by Searle (1969), can be regarded as worth exploring due to the fact that gratitude, as a component of value systems, is as the fundamental emotion underlying social relations, and thus reflected in the language, especially fixed expressions, crucial for linguistic politeness. The aim of the present research is to compare explicit and implicit formulas (as referred to by Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2001) of the act of thanking in French and Polish. The examined material is composed of exemplary utterances retrieved from blogs, social networking sites, and internet fora. The methodology used includes studies on speech act theory (Austin 1962), typology of speech acts (Searle 1969), as well as research papers on language politeness by Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1996, 2001) and gratitude (SieradzkaBaziur 2017). Moreover, the author refers to comparative studies on politeness acts conducted up to now (Romero 2000, Rădulescu and Scurtu 2003, Perez 2005, Grossmann and Krzyżanowska 2018, Meng 2012). The author classifies collected explicit and implicit utterances, juxtaposing French and Polish examples and providing an analysis based on pragmatic parameters. As a result, the author creates a corpus of utterances used for expressing gratitude along with a study on diverse thanking formulas in both languages.
EN
Objectives Universities played a significant role in meeting the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, with both students and staff having to identify and use available coping resources. The main aim of the study was to describe the academic community’s experiences of the pandemic and their impact on health and wellbeing. Related variables were also explored, such as sense of coherence (SOC), gratitude, and subjective health assessment (SHA). Material and Methods During the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire was sent to the community of the Medical University of Lodz. It included 4 open-ended questions on ways to remain healthy during the pandemic. The responses (N = 144) were analyzed using a general inductive approach. For the purpose of this study, the resource utilization rate (RUR) was defined and calculated based on the number of categories with responses indicating resource usage. Additionally, a Polish adaptation of the 29-item Sense of Coherence scale (SOC-29), the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), and subjective health assessment were measured. Correlations between variables were calculated. Results The main areas of resource identification and utilization were interpersonal relationships, views of reality, physical activity, pleasure activities, social contacts, and healthy diet. Physical activity has been found to be the most commonly-reported strategy of taking care of both health and emotional state more frequently among students than employees (p < 0.01). The RUR was strongly associated with SOC in male employees (ρ = 0.7, p < 0.05) and with GQ-6 in both male and female student groups (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.05 and ρ = 0.28, p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions Relationships between RUR and SOC seem to be gender- and age-related. The relationships between health and resource utilization are worth exploring in the university setting.
EN
The article presents reflections on the virtue of gratitude raised by moral aretology and positive psychology. It can be said that the theme of gratitude has been neglected in the contemporary humanities and theology and psychologists try to find a remedy to it. It can be a source of inspiration for moral theology. According to moral theology gratitude is classified as belonging to virtues connected with justice, ingratitude is regarded as a sin. Positive psychology undertakes large research, e.g. by broadly describing the growth strategy of this trait which can be used in the Catholic conception of upbringing of this virtue.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje refleksje nad cnotą wdzięczności podejmowane przez aretologię moralną i psychologię pozytywną. Można mówić o zaniedbaniu tematu wdzięczności we współczesnych naukach humanistycznych i teologii, co próbuje się naprawić na gruncie psychologii. Może to stać się inspiracją także dla teologii moralnej. Teologowie moraliści, za św. Tomaszem z Akwinu, zaliczają wdzięczność do cnót pokrewnych sprawiedliwości, niewdzięczność uznają za grzech. Na polu psychologii pozytywnej podejmuje się szerokie badania wdzięczności, m.in. opisując strategie jej rozwoju, co może być wykorzystane w katolickiej koncepcji wychowania tej cnoty.
EN
Philosophy should seriously take into account the presence of computers. Computer enthusiasts point towards a new Pythagoreanism, a far reaching generalization of logical or mathematical views of the world. Most of us try to retain a belief in the permanence of human superiority over robots. To justify this superiority, Gödel’s theorem has been invoked, but it can be demonstrated that this is not sufficient. Other attempts are based on the scope and fullness of our perception and feelings. Yet the fact is that more and more can be computer simulated. In order to secure human superiority over robots, reference to the realm of human relations and attitudes seems more promising. Insights provided by philosophy of dialogue can help. They suggest an ultimate extension of the Turing test. In addition, it seems that in order to justify the belief in human superiority one must rely on the individual experiences that indicate a realm that is not merely subjective. It makes sense to call it religious.
PL
Przemiany zachodzące we współczesnym społeczeństwie i rodzinie powodują, że zmienia się znaczenie tradycyjnych środowisk wychowawczych. Kształtowanie się postaw młodych ludzi dokonuje się w coraz większym stopniu przy udziale mass mediów i grup rówieśniczych, ale rodzina wciąż stanowi potencjał dla rozwoju osobowościowego jej członków. Jest to widoczne w kształtowaniu się postaw młodzieży wobec wdzięczności, posiadającej ważne znaczenie dla funkcjonowania jednostki i społeczeństwa. Badania wypowiedzi 200 przedstawicieli Pokolenia Z pokazały, że wychowanie w rodzinie wyraźnie sprzyja okazywaniu oraz rozwojowi wdzięczności, a najskuteczniejszy w tym względzie jest osobisty przykład rodziców. Współpraca środowisk wychowawczych w celu wzmacniania poczucia i okazywania wdzięczności przez młodzież jest istotnym postulatem wynikającym z przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych.
EN
Changes in the modern society and family influence the meaning of traditional educational environments. The process of shaping young people’s attitudes is increasingly affected by mass media and peer groups, but it is the family where one can still find potential for personal development. It is noticeable in the process of shaping young people’s attitudes towards gratitude which is very significant for the functioning of individuals and the society. The research on 200 representatives of Generation Z revealed that family upbringing fosters the expression and development of gratitude. It also showed that parents setting a good example for their children are most efficient in this respect. Cooperation between educational environments in order to strengthen the sense of gratitude among young people is an important postulate resulting from the empirical research.
PL
Wprawdzie wdzięczność jest jedną z najbardziej „łączących” rzeczywistości, które regulują relacje międzyludzkie, i jako taka od dawna jest wysoce wartościowana w literaturze filozoficznej i teologicznej, to w dziedzinie psychologii przez długi czas nie cieszyła się zainteresowaniem. Status wdzięczności, jako „zapomnianej” i słabej emocji, powoli zaczął być przełamywany dzięki kilku wybitnym teoretykom, którzy zaoferowali wyjaśnienie zjawiska wdzięczności i zwrócili uwagę na istotne mechanizmy jej wzbudzania. Niniejszy artykuł jest przede wszystkim próbą historyczno-przeglądowej prezentacji wdzięczności w świetle wybranych koncepcji psychologiczno-społecznych, które zostały wypracowane przez takich autorów, jak Heider, Weiner, Maslow, Ortony, Emmons, McCullough, Fredrickson, Buck, Wojciszke i Kemper. Część historyczno-przeglądowa poprzedzona jest wstępem przedstawiającym zarys leksykalnych i filozoficznych ujęć wdzięczności.
EN
Although gratitude has privilege to be one of the most bonding realities regulating people’s relations and as such has been highly valued in philosophical and theological literature, in the field of psychological science for a long time it was not considered as a topic worthy of consideration. The status of gratitude as a neglected and weak emotion was gradually overcome thanks to various theorists who explained the phenomenon of gratitude and clarified the essential mechanisms of its development. The present article is primarily an attempt of concise historical presentation of gratitude in the light of chosen social–psychological theories, which were elaborated by such authors as: Heider, Weiner, Maslow, Ortony, Lazarus, Emmons, McCullough, Fredrickson, Buck, Wojciszke and Kemper. Theoretical accomplishments of the above-mentioned authors and other topics related to conceptualization of gratitude explicate complexity and multidimensional character of this construct. Historical presentation is preceded by linguistic and philosophical outline concerning gratitude.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the results of pilot adaptive research on the shortened (16-item) version of the GRAT scale. 124 respondents aged 20–50 took part in the pilot study (M = 33.55, SD = 5.84). The tool is used to assess the level of gratitude treated as an individual’s disposition to experience this emotion. The research used the Polish version of the SGRAT-PL questionnaire, Davis’ IRI empathy scale, and a survey with the metrics on sociodemographic variables, i.e. age, gender, the status of the subject’s relationship or the fact of having children. The results of statistical analysis aimed at checking the psychometric values of the Polish version of the SGRAT-PL scale indicated the validity of using the shortened version of the tool in scientific research in the field of positive psychology. Intercorrelation analysis between results obtained on the SGRAT-PL scale confirmed the accuracy of measuring gratitude. The results of the conducted reliability analysis also showed a high internal consistency of the short version of the GRAT scale and the possibility of its use in empirical studies. The 16-item version of the tool in Polish adaptation, like the full version, is a reliable indicator of the level of three dimensions of gratitude: a sense of abundance, appreciating others and appreciating simple pleasures.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wyników pilotażowych badań adaptacyjnych nad skróconą (16-itemową) wersją skali GRAT. W badaniach pilotażowych udział wzięło 124 respondentów w wieku 20–50 lat (M = 33,55, SD = 5,84). Narzędzie służy do oceny poziomu wdzięczności traktowanej jako dyspozycja jednostki do doświadczania tej emocji. W badaniach użyto polskiej wersji kwestionariusza wdzięczności SGRAT-PL, skali empatii Davisa – IRI oraz ankiety z metryczką na temat zmiennych socjodemograficznych, tj. wieku, płci, statusu związku osoby badanej czy posiadania dzieci. Wyniki analizy statystycznej mające na celu sprawdzenie walorów psychometrycznych polskiej wersji skali SGRAT-PL wskazały na zasadność wykorzystywania skróconej wersji narzędzia w badaniach naukowych z zakresu psychologii pozytywnej. Analiza interkorelacji między wynikami uzyskanymi w skali SGRAT-PL potwierdziła trafność pomiaru wdzięczności. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy rzetelności również wskazały na wysoką spójność wewnętrzną skróconej wersji skali GRAT i możliwość jej stosowania w empirycznych opracowaniach. 16-itemowa wersja narzędzia w polskiej adaptacji, podobnie jak wersja pełna, stanowi wiarygodny wskaźnik poziomu trzech wymiarów wdzięczności: poczucia obfitości, doceniania innych oraz doceniania prostych przyjemności.
EN
The article presents the objectives, concepts, methods and characteristics of the artistic and social action known as “#givethanksfor”, pursued through social media, based on the assumptions of participatory art. The article describes the components of the action, how it was created and importance of the artistic work done, which is the finale of the action. The artist asks questions: “Can participatory art exist online?” and “Will the artist’s actions based on participatory art allow to awaken and show a feeling of gratitude in a group of people?” Answers were attempted based on considerations of participatory art, gratitude and online artistic activity.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia cele, koncepcje i metody działania oraz charakterystykę przebiegu akcji artystyczno-społecznej „#dziękujza” w mediach społecznościowych w oparciu o założenia sztuki partycypacyjnej. Opisuje jej elementy składowe, sposób powstania i znaczenie wykonanej pracy artystycznej będącej finałem akcji. Artysta stawia pytania: „Czy sztuka partycypacyjna może zaistnieć w internecie?” i „Czy działania artysty oparte na sztuce partycypacyjnej pozwolą rozbudzić i unaocznić uczucie wdzięczności w grupie ludzi?”. Odpowiedzi próbowano uzyskać na podstawie rozważań o sztuce partycypacyjnej, wdzięczności oraz przeprowadzonego działania artystycznego w internecie.
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