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EN
E-trade is one of the most buoyant ways of selling goods and services in Poland. All activity in this field is very attractive not only for marketing companies but also for auditing and fiscal authorities. The results of analyses show that on-line trading is threatened however by the existence of a grey area. This refers, in particular, to non-registered business activity and avoidance of taxation on trade income. The aim of this article is to show the main risks of e-trade in Poland which may influence the state budget, and some legislative solutions which have an effect of a gradual limitation of fiscal fraud in e-trade. Source material constituted results of analyses that were conducted by the Polish Central Statistical Office, independent research units and studies by specialized marketing companies on the scope of the grey area in e-commerce in Poland. A comparative analysis of the size of the grey area shows that regardless of the difference in results of its measurements, the grey area is a common phenomenon. Accessibility of new technologies (computerization of enterprises and households and Internet accessibility) favors the development of e-commerce and the existence of a grey area within it.
PL
E-handel jest jednym z najprężniej rozwijających się kanałów sprzedaży towarów i usług w Polsce. Przejawy aktywności w tym obszarze od kilku lat pozostają w kręgu zainteresowań nie tylko firm marketingowych, lecz również organów kontrolnych i skarbowych. Wyniki analiz wskazują, iż handel w sieci Internet jest zagrożony występowaniem szarej strefy. Dotyczy to w szczególności prowadzenia nierejestrowanej działalności gospodarczej i unikania opodatkowania dochodów osiągniętych z tytułu handlu. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych zagrożeń związanych z e-handlem w Polsce mogących mieć wpływ na wielkość dochodów budżetu państwa oraz rozwiązań legislacyjnych, które oddziaływają na stopniowe ograniczanie nadużyć fiskalnych w e-handlu. Materiał źródłowy stanowiły wyniki analiz przeprowadzonych przez państwowy Główny Urząd Statystyczny, niezależne jednostki badawcze oraz badania wyspecjalizowanych firm marketingowych, prowadzonych w zakresie szacowania szarej strefy w obszarze e-handlu w Polsce. Przeprowadzona analiza porównawcza wielkości szarej strefy wskazuje, że pomimo różnic w wynikach jej pomiaru, szara strefa jest zjawiskiem powszechnym. Dostępność nowych technologii (komputeryzacja firm i gospodarstw domowych oraz dostępność do sieci Internet) sprzyja rozwojowi e-handlu oraz istnieniu szarej strefy w tym obszarze.
EN
The article presents the issue of so called grey area in Poland and the process of ,,escaping” into it by some of the employers, as well as employees. Entrance into the grey area creates has its advantages for the former and the later, and that is why it is interesting for both of the aforesaid subjects. However, these are benefits incurred against the law. The article also discusses the determinants of the spreading of this area, with the accent on the high costs of work in Poland.
EN
The market of fuels in Poland is worth about 100 billion zlotys. Considering the volume of costs that their prices include (VAT, excise duty, fuel charge), the annual income to the state budget is about 50 billion zlotys. The main problem of the sector is fraud in the sales of liquid fuels. The existence of the grey area here and its potential volume is confirmed with the comparison of the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) in the years 2011–2016 and the consumption of liquid fuels in the country in that period. According to the data of the Central Statistical Office (GUS), the year-to-year GDP in that period, as at 1st January, increased by 17.9 percent. While the sales of fuels, despite low fluctuation in individual years, stayed at the same level. The increase of the grey area volume shows the lack of effective activities on the part of the state bodies, despite the high number of the entities whose mandate covers regulations and supervision of the market. This issue was examined within NIK’s audit.
EN
The economists and journalists often debate on the informal economy (grey area) and its impact on the Polish tax system and social security system. The article analyzes the impact of the informal economy on tax system, in particular the goods and services tax. The aim of this article is to estimate VAT tax as a barrier in running a business activity, and to study a relation between the kind of activities pursued by enterprises from the construction branch and the perception of VAT tax as a barrier in running a business activity, and diminishing state budget income. The personal study has been conducted for the purposes of the article. The study included a total of nationwide 239 companies operating in the construction industry. Enterprises from the services market constituted the biggest percentage. The research was quantifiable-qualitative and it was carried out by a computer-assisted call survey.
EN
The share of grey area in tourism is very high: it is estimated that in 2016 only the respective tax gap stood about PLN 2.3 billion. The main reason behind is the low scale of business (small firms prevail) whose costs (both administrative and financial) are high, its economic potential is low, while its range usually local only. That is why these firms often evade taxation and social and health insurance contributions, they often understate their income while overstate costs, and invest finances from unknown sources. The article presents proposals for measures aimed at limiting the grey area and for improving tax collection.
EN
One of the dominant sources of budget income is the income from indirect taxes. The biggest share comes from goods and services tax and from excise tax. Inflows from excise tax on tobacco products trade are exposed to reductions due to illegal production of tobacco products and trade in dry tobacco in grey area. One of the state’s dutyies is to make such changes in legislation to reduce its growth. On the other hand, customs services should undertake operational and preventative actions that will protect state budget from reductions caused by illegal or non-taxed trade in dry tobacco.
PL
Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne istotnie decyduje o niezakłóconym funkcjonowaniu gospodarki oraz jej rozwoju. Jego skuteczne i efektywne kształtowanie zależy od racjonalnego rozpoznania i wykorzystania wielu zmiennych w czasie i przestrzeni. Można je sklasyfikować jako czynniki zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne. Jako istotne uwarunkowania zewnętrzne bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego należy uznać aktywny udział w procesach globalizacji i integracji gospodarczej, przepływy kapitału zagranicznego oraz konsekwencje nadmiernych nierówności na świecie. Z licznych uwarunkowań wewnętrznych szczególnie silne jest oddziaływanie poziomu rozwoju ekonomicznego i jego dynamika, równowaga ekonomiczna i finansowa oraz przejawy ich braku, nieuzasadnione zróżnicowanie dochodów i majątku, rozbudowana szara strefa, korupcja oraz charakter polityki społeczno-gospodarczej. Analizy wpływu determinant bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego na jego poziom i charakter wykazały, że bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne Polski utrwaliło się na średnim europejskim poziomie. Postulowane i oczekiwane umocnienie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego wymaga aktywnego oddziaływania na uwarunkowania jego kształtowania i będzie w najbliższych latach kształtowane w warunkach znacznego ryzyka i niepewności.
EN
Economic security substantially decides an uninterrupted functioning of economy and its development. Its efficient and effective formation depends on the rational recognition and use of many variables over time and in space. They may be classified as external and internal factors. As important external determinants of economic security should be considered an active participation in the processes of globalisation and economic integration, foreign capital flows, and consequences of excessive imbalances in the world. In the numerous internal determinants particularly strong are the impact of the level of economic development and its dynamics, economic and financial equilibrium as well as symptoms of lack thereof, unreasonable differentiation of incomes and assets, enlarged grey area, corruption, and the nature of socioeconomic policy. Analyses of the impact of determinants of economic security on its level and nature have shown that Poland’s economic security has retained at the average European level. The postulated and expected reinforcement of economic security requires an active influencing the determinants of formation thereof and will be shaped in the years to come under the conditions of considerable risk and uncertainty.
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