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This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Langacker defines modal verbs as grounding elements that can express implicit meanings and thus increase the degree of subjectivity of the utterance. Unlike English modal verbs, which are completely unanchored and fully grammaticalized, Spanish modal verbs exhibit verb inflection. The aim of this article is to compare the construals with and without a modal verb and to point out the differences between the positions of conceptualizers (speaker and addressee). For these purposes several graphical representations are proposed throughout the article. As the proposed schemes show, the position of conceptualizers plays a key role in the conception of any construal. It is concluded that a construal with a modal verb has a more subjectively anchored interaction between the two conceptualizers and that the speaker is always a completely implicit part of the utterance.
EN
References to the music of the past, and such is the baroque music, was characteristic of many Polish contemporary composers: Tadeusz Baird, Bolesław Szabelski, Krzysztof Penderecki, Zygmunt Krauze and Eugeniusz Knapik among others. This incomplete list should be supplemented with the name of the eminent composer Krzysztof Baculewski. When it comes to baroque forms, he focused his interest on the English ground. Inspired by this form, he composed an orchestral work entitled Ground in 1981. Several sections resembling the composition of a speech can be distinguished in this work: exordium, narratio, confirmatio, confutatio, culminatio, conclusio. Krzysztof Baculewski’s work in a well-thought out and consistent manner alludes to the ground technique and contains each of its characteristic features. It is an example of cantus prius factus in cantum novum of the composer engrossed in the music of the past time, and yet composing in his own, individual, mature language.
EN
In terms of patriotism, John Paul II refers to the vision of human and society, which are formed on the basis of the typical for him personalizm. While presenting and analyzing this area of the Pope’s reflection we need to notice, that it clearly refers to the Christianity. It places it on the foundation of the Christian culture, the concern for the common good, raising the values of the Small Homeland and also on the openness to Europe.
Raport
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2013
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vol. 8
245-265
EN
The article presents the results of the rescue archaeological excavations at the multi-cultural site 14 in Deszczno. The investigations covered an area of ca 83 ares and revealed relics from settlements from the Bronze Age, late Roman influence period, early Middle Ages – phases C and D, as well as early modern period. Moreover, a burial ground of the Luboszyce culture was recorded and dated to phases B2/C1 – C1a of the Roman period.
EN
In Lithuanian literature, žeme ‘land, earth, ground’ is understood as a planet, as one of the four elements, as an element in opposition to water, or as solid ground. It differs from the sky and stands in opposition to it because the sky is good, while žeme is full of things that are unfriendly to people. Žeme is the world with life going on; buildings stand on its surface, people sit, stand or lie on it, etc. It is the most valuable property that can be sold, given, leased, or left as inheritance. People are interested not only in what is going on its surface but also in the layer that is cultivated (soil). People want this layer to grow flowers, trees and grass for them. They find various things in this layer and think that land can hide a lot from them. Žeme is the mother that provides life and shelter after death. It takes care of people, feeds them and talks to them. It also serves as a reference frame on the basis of which people evaluate large and small things or things hanging above it. Žeme can refer to a specific state or a nation that lives in own land, as well as to a person’s native home and lives of their ancestors. Žeme is alive as much as humans are: it has a face, parts of the body and internal organs, it experiences human emotions and has divine powers. Žeme can be of various colours: from the traditional colour of fertile soil, i.e., black, to subtle shades, such as yellowish brown or blue. It is also characterised through most unusual words, such as “sinful”, “juicy”, “slim”, “like caviar” and others. The smell of žeme is also exceptional: it is wet and sour. It smells of oats, barley, summer home – the smell fills people’s hearts with joy, evokes memories and longing.
PL
Ziemia jest dla Litwina wartością i plasuje się dość wysoko w skali wartości. Jest wyjątkowa dlatego, ponieważ wiążą się z nią inne wartości, zarówno te odwieczne, jak i społeczne. W literaturze ziemia jest rozumiana jako planeta, jako jeden z czterech żywiołów. Jako żywioł jest przeciwieństwem wody, dlatego jest również określana jako ląd. Ten świat różni się od nieba, często jest wręcz przeciwny niebu, gdyż zgodnie z wyobrażeniem człowieka w niebie jest dobrze, a na ziemi człowieka spotykają różne nieprzyjemne rzeczy. Ziemia jest światem, na jej powierzchni trwa życie, stoją budynki, siedzi się, stoi, leży, spaceruje itp. Jest największym dobrem człowieka, które można sprzedać, kupić, wynająć, dać w prezencie, przekazać w spadku. Człowieka interesuje nie tylko to, co dzieje się na twardej powierzchni – dba on o warstwę, którą można uprawiać i zdobywać pożywienie, dba o to, aby kwiaty, drzewa i trawa wyrastały z tej warstwy. W tej warstwie człowiek znajduje różne przedmioty, więc wydaje mu się, że ziemia potrafi ukryć przed nim wiele tajemnic. Ziemia jest matką, która daje życie i schronienie po śmierci, opiekuje się człowiekiem, żywi go, pociesza, rozmawia z nim. Jest swego rodzaju punktem odniesienia, na podstawie którego człowiek ceni wielkie i małe rzeczy, przedmioty, znajdujące się ponad nią. Ziemia oznacza określone państwo lub naród żyjący na własnym terytorium lub miejsce urodzenia osoby, życie przodków i rodziców.Ziemia jest żywa, żyje tym samym życiem co człowiek, ma twarz, części ciała, narządy wewnętrzne, doznaje ludzkich emocji, człowiek nadaje jej boskie moce.Ziemia występuje w różnych kolorach: od tradycyjnej żyznej czerni po subtelne odcienie żółto-brązowe czy niebieskie.Jest charakteryzowana przy użyciu najbardziej zaskakujących wyrazów, takich jak grzeszna, soczysta, chuda, jak kawior i in.Ziemia ma też szczególny zapach – wilgotny i kwaśny. Człowiekowi ziemia pachnie jęczmieniem, owsem, latem, domem, a zapach ten łaskocze serce, przywołuje wspomnienia, budzi nostalgię.
PL
W artykule bronię twierdzenia o meta-fundowaniu, zgodnie z którym fakty wyrażające metafizyczne fundowanie są również ufundowane (niefundamentalne). Wpierw uzasadniam słuszność przyjęcia tezy o meta-fundowaniu. Następnie poddaję dyskusji dwie teorie wyjaśniające ufundowanie metafizycznego fundowania: teorię wykorzystującą pojęcię superwewnętrznej relacji oraz teorię wykorzystującą pojęcie esencji faktów. Argumentuję, że drugie rozwiązanie posiada istotne zalety względem pierwszego.
EN
In this article I defend a meta-grounding thesis according to which facts that express metaphysical grounding are grounded (are not fundamental). First, I claim that it is justified to accept the meta-grounding thesis. In the next step I discuss two theories that explain how metaphysical grounding is grounded: a theory that involves a notion of superinternal relation and a theory that uses a notion of essences of facts. I argue that later theory is preferable over the former one.
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 4
93-115
EN
This paper seeks to discuss the tetradic structure of cultural transformations effected by human artifacts. It was Marshall McLuhan’s main idea to think of our historical changes in terms of various modes of communication. Each mode introduces a new form of human interaction. The spoken word produced coherent communities. The written word caused fragmentation. McLuhan believed that electronic artifacts would restore the lost integrity. His tetradic structure of cultural changes was inspired by Gestalt psychology with its key pair: figure—ground. McLuhan thought that humanity is resonating within this two elements evolving from the culture of the written word to the culture of the spoken word. Eventually, we shall found ourselves in the acoustic space.
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