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Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z okresu wędrówek ludów w Kamieniu na Pojezierzu Mazurskim

100%

Szter I.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

201-331

EN

The cemetery at Kamień (distr. Pisz, former Kamien, Kr. Sensburg) lies in the southern area of the Masurian Great Lakes District. The site was excavated in 1906 and 1907 by Felix E. Peiser. Results of this research were never published in full, with only brief reports on the fieldwork and archaeological finds (E. Hollack 1908, p. 65, map – sq K 16; F. E. Peiser 1909, pl. LI; Sitzungsberichte 1919a, p. 517; 1919b, p. 528; M. Jahn 1916, p. 90; 1921, p. 65–66, 68, 110, 117; S. Bolin 1926, p. 237; W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 135i, 146Ab, 146d, 147i, 168e, 177a.d; cf. also note 3). The aim of the article is to give an overview of research at Kamień and reconstruct archaeological assemblages discovered there. Until 1945 the finds from Kamień were held by Prussia-Museum in Königsberg. During WW II a large part of this collection became scattered and perished. Only four finds from the cemetery at Kamień have resurfaced since: two vessels (graves 113 and 136 – pl. XIII/113:1c.d, XVI/136:1b.c), now in the regional Muzeum Warmii i Mazur in Olsztyn and a lancehead with barbs from grave 10 (Pl. IV/10:5d) and omega-shaped ring from grave 92 (Pl. XI/92:2b.c) in keeping of Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin. In addition, two beads from the same museum are also tentatively provenanced to Kamień (Fig. 4). Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte also holds the relevant research documentation, i.e., which comprises the site diary written by Felix E. Peiser in his Journal No. 10 (Fig. 1, Appendix 1) and notes of Peiser with descriptions of the discovered assemblages and archaeological finds (Fig. 3, Appendix 4), copies of Peiser’s Journals no. 7 and 10 made during the 1920s by Hans Tiessen (Appendix 2 & 3), and photographs (Fig. 2a.b). These records have made it possible to determine the exact time of F. Peiser’s fieldwork and specify the number of grave assemblages (168) and three features (marked A, α and β) discovered at Kamien, and to located them on the plan of the cemetery (Fig. 7, 8). The same archival record was used to describe the form of the features (Fig. 21) and their inventories. Essential data on finds from Kamien was obtained from a review of other archival sources, mainly, the files of M. Schmiedehelm, M. Jahn, F. Jakobson, G. Kossinna, C. Engel, R. Grenz and J. Kostrzewski. Collected in the appendices is the complete surviving documentation on the site at Kamień, base material for reconstructing past research of the cemetery and the catalogue of finds. It consists of four documents in manuscript: Journal No. 10 written by Felix E. Peiser (Appendix 1), copies of Peiser’s Journals no. 7 and 10 made during the 1920s by Hans Tiessen (Appendix 2 & 3) and Peiser’s notes with descriptions of the discovered assemblages and archaeological finds (Appendix 4). Each source was copied in italics retaining the original spelling and arrangement of the text. Mistakes and spelling errors have not been corrected. All drawing of the finds and sections found on the margin of these documents were scanned in 1:1 scale and are presented on the plates. In some cases, to better present the vessel ornaments we included 2:1 drawings. Footnotes to the illustrations as well as supplementary information or comments to the text are given in square brackets. Analysis of archaeological material recovered at Kamień indicates that the cemetery was in use during the Roman and the Migration Period, established by the people of Bogaczewo Culture during the mature segment of the Early Roman Period. The greatest number of reliably dated grave assemblages dates from phase B2b–C1a (Fig. 22). This is supported by the presence of diagnostically sensitive ornaments, e.g., pins (type Szwajcaria II – pl. XVII/143:4a–d; variants of type B III – pl. XII/105:1, XVII/142:3; variants Bogaczewo type I – pl. III/9:2), brooches (Mazovian variant – pl. I/1:3; type A.133 – pl. I/2:2; triple-crest brooches of assorted variants – pl. XVIII/156:1; a knee brooch –pl. XVII/143:3a–c; type Babięta – pl. X/77a-b:2), belt fittings (buckles type AD17 – pl. V/30:3; type AG16 – pl. X/77a-b:3; with a double pin – Pl. I/2:3; strap ends: flat – pl. I/2:4, II/4:5a.b, IX/75:3; and profiled – pl. V/30:9a–c) or assorted appliqués (Pl. V/30:4, VI/35:1a.b.5a.b, VII/54:1a.b.2a.b). Also dated to the same period were elements of war gear: a shield-boss: type J6 (Pl. III/10:1a.b), spurs: group E (Pl. I/2:5a.b, II/4:6a.b, III/10:2a.b, V:30:2a–c) and lanceheads (Pl. IV/10:5a–d, VII/53:1a.b, VII/65a:1a.b). The use of the cemetery during the Late Roman Period is documented by the inventory of features no. 82 and 106, which contained brooches type A.161-161, and grave 145 holding a Marcus Aurelius sestertius. A longer series of graves is datable only by pottery and non-ceramic finds broadly to phases C and D, whereas use during the Migration Period is documented by a brooch fragment diagnostic for phase D (grave 25), a buckle with a thickened oval frame, type AH16 (grave 131), and vessels distinctive for the Olsztyn Group e.g., fragmented hollow-footed beaker (grave 24), pottery ornamented with a design engraved the length of the maximum circumference of the vessel (Pl. XV/134:1) and pinched ornament (Pl. XVI/136:1a–c). Absence of furnishings or only the presence of non-characteristic forms prevented the dating of 60 inventories (see note 53). This group included the only horse inhumation discovered at Kamień (grave 23 – pl. V/23:1). Human burials were either of urned or unurned cremation type, characteristic for Bogaczewo Culture and the Olsztyn Group. Some had been deposited within pure sand covered or not with the remains of the cremation pyre. Urns tended to be covered with a bowl, quite often, also with stones over them (e.g., pl. II/5:A.6:A, III/7:A.8:A.9:A, XI/97:A.B). In the unurned burials the cremated remains were either in a compact cluster or spread loosely within the pit (Pl. XII/102:A.B).

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Uwagi na temat obrządku pogrzebowego grupy olsztyńskiej na przykładzie cmentarzyska w Kosewie, pow. mrągowski (dawn. Kossewen, Kreis Sensburg)

84%

Rudnicki M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

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2015

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issue 30

137-170

EN

The cemetery in Kosewo (former Kossewen, Kr. Sensburg; from 1938, Rechenberg) is one of the largest known necropolises dated to the Roman and Migration Periods found in the Mazurian Lakeland. The site was accidentally discovered during the construction works of the road linking Mrągowo with Mikołajki in 1887. Even though a large numer of features was discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo, only single finds or assemblages from that site have been published. At the cemetery in Kosewo there were pit and urn burials. The pit burials contained, besides the remains of the deceased, also the remains of the pyre. The predominant burial type were urn graves. Among the 728 recorded burials the majority were urn graves, amounting to 611. It seems justifiable to assume that in the Olsztyn group the urn graves were generally predominant, with some local departures from the custom. We may also say that the graves from the late Migration Period were deposited closer to the Surface than the ones from the Roman Period. This phenomenon has been also recorded at the other cemeteries of the Olsztyn Group. In the eastern part of the area settled by the Olsztyn Group, in which the Kosewo cemeteries are located, the burial grounds were usually made in the same places as the necropolises of the Bogaczewo culture. Large cemeteries used only in the Late Migration Period are exceptional. Graves from Phase E usually did not disturb the earlier burials, but at the cemetery in Kosewo this happened quite often. Basing on the research conducted so far it is possible to state that the graves from the Olsztyn Group were usually located in separate clusters located away from the graves from the Roman Period or only slightly overlapping with them. In the urn graves of the Olsztyn Group the urns are sometimes covered with overturned bowl- or plate-shaped vessels, or beakers with hollow stems. No stone linings, pavements, or cist graves have been registered. Also no horse graves, which can be found in Mazuria of the Roman and Migration Periods, have been discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo. The cemetery yielded some finds of weapons in the assemblages dated to Phase E. The decline of the Olsztyn Group is connected with the disappearance of archaeologically recordable burial rites. The change of the form of the burial rite probably did not concern cremation, which is recorded for the Prussian tribes from the Early Middle Ages. The change of the burial rites probably consisted in the introduction of a different form of deposition of the burials. Also at the cemetery in Kosewo no materials later than the 7th century have been recorded. The necropolis may have been abandoned or the way of depositing the burials was changed. The question about the final stages of use of the Olsztyn Group cemeteries may be answered by further investigations.

PL

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Ciekawe grzebienie wczesnośredniowieczne z Pasymia w pow. szczycieńskim

84%

Wadyl S.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2018

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vol. LXIX

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issue 69

51-65

EN

Combs from the older phases of the Early Middle Ages are quite special finds. They are particular for their individual character, which makes them difficult to classify. During the excavation of the stronghold in Pasym, Szczytno County in NE Poland, several extremely interesting combs were discovered. The collection consists of five combs, one tooth-plate and a single tooth. Two are complete (one showed slight losses in the tooth-plate); one is almost complete (missing parts near the edges of the side-plates and the outermost tooth-plates); two more are preserved in small frag-ments. All specimens belong to group IB, which comprises one-sided, three-layered combs. They differ in the forms of their side-plates. One of the combs is classified as type III (Fig. 2:b), next one as type VII, variant 2, variation e (Fig. 2:a), another as type VII, variant 2, variation c (Fig. 2:c); the two remaining are only broadly categorized as type VII (Fig. 2:d.e) due to their fragmentary state of preservation. The combs and their fragments discovered in Pasym are an extremely valuable source, especially with regards to establishing the chronology. Following the analysis presented in the article, it was shown that these artefacts should be dated from the last decades of the 7th century AD to the beginning of the 9th century AD, although the middle part of this range is the most probable. Thus, they constitute important ev-idence of the occupation of the site in the 8th century. Numerous traces of bone and antler processing were discovered at the stronghold in Pasym; it seems that the inhabitants might have produced simpler tools on their own and for their own needs. However, no semi-products or waste left by comb manufacture were found, therefore, the existance of a local comb making workshop should be excluded. The vast majority of the early medieval combs were produced by specialized craftsmen. Considering the almost universal views on the nature of the early comb making, which was the domain of traveling artisans, it cannot be ruled out that Pasym was visited at certain times by such a specialist, who manufactured his products on site. It is highly probable that combs type III (variants 2 and 3) as well as type VII (variants 2, variations c and e) originated in the Frisian territory. The concept linking the provenance of specific specimens to these areas is attractive but unjustified. The combs from Pasym bear the greatest resemblance to the artefacts from some of the early Slavic sites from the Polish Lowlands (Żukowice, Kałdus, Miszewko Strzałkowskie and Wyszogród) and Janów Pomorski as well as to a single find from Tumiany. Taking into consideration the clear similarity of some exemplars (together with a small number of finds of particular variants), one can propose a rather bold hypothesis that some of them could have been the work of one traveling craftsman.

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Unikatowa zapinka z Rajszewa, pow. legionowski. Przyczynek do studiów nad sytuacją kulturową w okresie wędrówek ludów na Mazowszu

84%

Dulęba P., Woińska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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vol. LXXI

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issue 71

400-405

EN

In January 2018, a plate brooch from the Migration Period, found in the village of Rajszew near Warsaw, was presented to the Historical Museum in Legionowo (Fig. 1, 2). It represents Animal Style I (B. Salin 1904, 214–245). Anthropo- and/or zoomorphic imagery on the head enables its attribution to phase B of said style (G. Haseloff 1981, 180–196). Metallurgical analyses showed that the body was cast from a copper alloy. The pin was also made from a copper alloy but containing a different share of this chemical element (Table 1). It is currently not possible to indicate an unambiguous analogy to the artefact presented. A bronze brooch discovered in grave A9 at the site of Malaâ Lipovka, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (Fig. 4:1), dated to the first half of the 6th century (M. Rudnicki, K. Skvortsov, P. Szymański 2015, 592), seems the most similar. The shape of protrusions with representations of animal heads decorating the head and foot of the Rajszew brooch is the most similar to corresponding elements of a brooch found in Stora Gairvide on Gotland (Fig. 4:2), dated to the first half of the 6th century (M. Rudnicki 2014a, 285). The brooch has a rectangular head with relief decoration and four protrusions. Other specimens with similarly decorated rectangular heads and foot terminals come from Tałty, Mrągowo County, a stray find (Fig. 4:3), Tumiany, Olsztyn County, grave 37 (Fig. 4:4), and Babięta, Mrągowo County, grave 109 (M. Rudnicki 2014a, 283–287). These analogies do not allow us to indicate whether the Rajszew brooch was an import from the area of the Olsztyn Group or from Scandinavia. Head decoration in the form of stylised protrusions appears in both of these regions. However, the brooches differ in proportions and size – Masurian specimens are smaller. Such is also the case with the analysed example.

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3 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 2020

1 2018

1 2015

1 2010

1 Dulęba P.

1 Rudnicki M.

1 Szter I.

1 Wadyl S.

1 Woińska M.

Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z okresu wędrówek ludów w Kamieniu na Pojezierzu Mazurskim

Uwagi na temat obrządku pogrzebowego grupy olsztyńskiej na przykładzie cmentarzyska w Kosewie, pow. mrągowski (dawn. Kossewen, Kreis Sensburg)

Ciekawe grzebienie wczesnośredniowieczne z Pasymia w pow. szczycieńskim

Unikatowa zapinka z Rajszewa, pow. legionowski. Przyczynek do studiów nad sytuacją kulturową w okresie wędrówek ludów na Mazowszu